Information on the Garmagalay or Garmalalay clan and its "Rer Ahmed" subclan also known as the "jirir" or "jareer" could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate.

This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Please find below the list of sources consulted in researching this Information Request.

Africa Confidential [London]. January-May 1998. Vol. 39. Nos. 1-11.

_____. January -December 1997. Vol. 38. Nos. 1-25.

Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Series [Oxford]. Janaury-May 1998. Nos, 1-4.

Horn of Africa Bulletin [Uppsala]. January-April 1998. Nos. 1-2.

_____. January-December 1997. Vol. 9. Nos. 1-10.

Cassaanelli, Lee V. 1982. The Shaping of Somalia: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Gilkes, P.S. September 1994. The Price of Peace: Somalia and the United Nations 1991-1994. Bedfordshire, U.K.: Save the Children's Fund.

The Invention of Somalia. Edited by Ali Jamale Ahmed. 1995. Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press.

Lewis, I. M. 1994. Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society. Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press.

_____. 1988. Rev. ed. A Modern History of Somalia: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa. Boulder, Col.: Westview Press.

Electronic sources: DIRB Databases, Global News Bank, Lexis/Nexis, Internet, World ews Connection (WNC).

Three oral sources consulted could provide information on the requested subject.