23. Mai 2016

 

In einem von Altai Consulting, einem Beratungsunternehmen mit Sitz in Paris, für USAID verfassten Bericht vom Oktober 2010 wird erwähnt, dass es im Bezirk Jalalabad, in der Provinz Nangarhar, zwei örtliche Fernsehsender gebe:

„Besides satellite channels, eight TV channels are available in the district, two of them local.“ (Altai Consulting, 13. Oktober 2010, S. 4)

Nangarhar RTA sei ein staatlicher Fernsehsender, der 2006 eingerichtet und zum Veröffentlichungszeitpunkt des Berichts von Herrn Zulmay geführt worden sei, so Altai Consulting weiters. Der Sender könne in 42 Ländern per Satellit empfangen werden. Der Sender beschäftige 90 MitarbeiterInnen, darunter zehn JournalistInnen, zwei VerwaltungsmitarbeiterInnen, acht TechnikerInnen und 70 Nicht-JournalistInnen, darunter Autoren und Produzenten. Es gebe zwölf weibliche Angestellte. Es werde täglich 24 Stunden gesendet, wobei 20 Prozent des Programms aus Kabul oder anderen Provinzen stammen würden. 80 Prozent des Programms würden lokal produziert. 45 Prozent der Sendungen würden in Paschtu, 45 Prozent in Dari und 10 Prozent in Pashai erfolgen. 15 Prozent des Sendeinhalts bestehe aus Musik. Werbezeit werde großteils an die Regierung und örtliche HändlerInnen verkauft. Die Kosten pro Werbesekunde würden durchschnittlich 70 US-Dollar-Cent betragen:

„Nangarhar RTA

This state-run TV channel was established in 2006 and is currently run by Mr. Zulmay. It covers 42 countries by satellite. It employs a total of 90 staff members (for both TV and radio), including 10 journalists, 2 administrative/marketing officers, 8 technical staff, and 70 nonjournalists, including writers and producers. There are 12 female staff members. It broadcasts 24 hours a day, with 20% of programming from Kabul/other provinces and 80% produced locally. The station broadcasts 45% in Pashto, 45% in Dari, and 10% in Pashai. Music makes up 15% of the total content. The outlet’s costs were not disclosed. Advertising space is sold mainly to the government and local traders, at an average price of $0.70 a second. Training for staff and new studios were among major needs mentioned.” (Altai Consulting, 13. Oktober 2010, S. 5)

Der Fernsehsender Sharq sei laut Altai Consulting 2008 eingerichtet worden und Teil eines sich ausdehnenden Mediennetzwerkes (Zeitung Shaiq, Radio Sharq, Kabel Shaiq und Shaiq Film, Trainingszentrum für JournalistInnen, Radio Nargis, Radio Menbar), dass von Herrn Shafiqullah Shaiq gegründet worden sei. Der Eigentümer plane einen Radio- und einen Fernsehsender in weiteren paschtunischen Provinzen zu eröffnen. Shaiq gebe an, dass die mediale Förderung von Sicherheit zu einer Priorität des Senders gehöre. Mittels einer Antenne und einem Transmitter könne bis zu 40 Kilometer weit gesendet werden. Es gebe 64 MitarbeiterInnen, darunter 26 JournalistInnen, 16 Nicht-JournalistInnen, zwei VerwaltungsmitarbeiterInnen, acht TechnikerInnen und 21 weitere ArbeiterInnen. Sechs Angestellte seien weiblich. Es werde 18 Stunden (5 bis 23 Uhr) täglich gesendet. Das Programm beinhalte Musik (vier Stunden wöchentlich) und lokale Programme (sechs Stunden wöchentlich). Zehn Programmstunden würden wöchentlich durch lokale JournalistInnen erfolgen. Die Größten Einnahmequellen von Sharq TV/Radio und Nargis Radio seien bezahlte Sendungen (zwischen 30 und 100 US-Dollar pro Minute für politische Sendungen und zwischen 50 und 70 US-Dollar für eine Werbeminute):

„Sharq

This TV station was set up in 2008 and is part of an expanding media network established by Mr. Shafiqullah Shaiq, which includes: Shaiq newspaper (2002); Sharq radio (2003); Cable Shaiq and Shaiq Film (2004); a training center for 250 journalists (2006); Nargis radio (2007); and, very recently (August 2010), Menbar radio. The owner is planning to set up a radio station and a TV channel in other Pashtun provinces, with the objective of addressing conflict there. He cited promoting security through the media as one of his priorities: ‘Donors should help the media in Pashtun areas, because the media can help bring security.’ The outlet has a 45m antenna located on top of the Shaiq Network office, where the owner’s other outlets, Sharq radio, Nargis radio, and Menbar radio, are also located. A 500W transmitter allows for 40km broadcast coverage. The network employs a total of 64 staff members, including 26 journalists, 16 non-journalists, 2 administrative staff, 8 technicians, and 21 other workers. Six staff members are female. The TV station broadcasts 18 hours a day (5am-11pm) and programming includes music (four hours a week) and local programming (six hours a week). Ten hours a week of free programming is received from local journalists. Monthly costs (for Sharq TV/radio and Nargis radio) include $12,000 in salaries, $3,000 for electricity, $1,200 for security, and $3,000 for food and transportation. Major sources of income include paid programming ($30 a minute – up to $100 for political programming – and advertising ($50-70 a minute). Training on transmitter maintenance and management training for staff were identified as major needs.” (Altai Consulting, 13. Oktober 2010, S. 5-6)

In einem im Oktober 2010 veröffentlichten Artikel von Afghanistan Today, einer dreisprachigen afghanischen Nachrichtenplattform, wird erwähnt, dass das Medienunternehmen von Shafiqullah Shaiq bereits dreimal zum Ziel von nächtlichen bewaffneten Angriffen geworden sei, es jedoch keine Verletzten gegeben habe. In Jalalabad habe das Medienunternehmen genügend Kritiker („has no shortage of critics“). Der Artikel enthält zudem weitere Informationen zum Medienunternehmen von Shafiqullah Shaiq:

„It is perhaps the reason why the media corporation has been the victim of three night-time attacks by armed groups. ‘I have no enemies’, says Shaiq. ‘I have no idea who is behind these attacks, and I can’t pin the blame on anyone, because it happened in pitch darkness.’ No-one was injured, even though the glass facade was shattered each time. The company has no shortage of critics in Jalalabad, which is hardly surprising, given that the conservative camp in Afghanistan despises all types of modern media. ‘What Mr Shaiq does, is unacceptable for the people’, says a Mullah in a mosque in the city. ‘When the time comes, you’ll see that people will throw trash at the Shaiq network.’”(Afghanistan Today, 20. Oktober 2010)

In einem im Juli 2015 veröffentlichten Artikel von Reporters Sans Frontières (RSF) wird erwähnt, dass in der Stadt Jalalabad acht Radiosender, drei Fernsehsender und vier Zeitungen angesiedelt seien, die insgesamt 60 JournalistInnen, darunter 20 Frauen, beschäftigen würden. Zudem wird in dem Artikel erwähnt, dass am 12. Juni 2015 das Regionalbüro der afghanischen Nachrichtenagentur Pajhwok und das von der US-Regierung finanzierte Medienunternehmen Voice of America (VOA) in Jalalabad zum Ziel eines bewaffneten Angriffs geworden seien. Mindestens zwei JournalistInnen von VOA seien verletzt worden. Laut Angaben von Quellen habe es sich dabei um erste Maßnahmen des Islamischen Staates in Afghanistan gehandelt:

„Media outlets have been the targets of armed attacks. They include Radio Donya Novin in Charikar (Parwan province) and the regional bureaux of the independent Afghan news agency Pajhwok and the US government-funded Voice of America (VOA) in Jalalabad (Nangarhar province) on 12 June, when at least two VOA journalists were injured. Several sources described this as ‘the first Islamic State action’ in Afghanistan. […]

‘Nangarhar has always been a violent province but the situation has become even worse in recent months,’ said a journalist in Jalalabad, the capital of Nangarhar, speaking on condition of anonymity. ‘The rebels are carrying out attacks almost every day but we cannot cover them. The security forces have told us they cannot guarantee our safety and we don’t want to put our lives in danger, so we cannot do our job. And working for the media has become even more difficult for women journalists. Sometimes they cannot even leave their homes.’ Jalalabad has eight radio stations, three TV stations and four newspapers employing a total of 60 journalists, of whom 20 are women.” (RSF, 7. Juli 2015)

In einem Artikel der afghanischen Zeitung Afghanistan Times vom Jänner 2013 wird erwähnt, dass in Jalalabad kürzlich ein Fernsehsender namens „Taban“ gestartet worden sei. Laut Angaben von Zusehern fördere der Sender die Interessen des Iran in Afghanistan:

„The recently-launched Taban television channel in this eastern city [Jalalabad] has been promoting the interests of Iran in Afghanistan, viewers alleged on Thursday. ‘The channel is watched only in Nangarhar. It telecasts news in Dari while very few people here know the language,’ said Noorullah, a second year student. ‘Residents don't understand this language is spoken in Iranian Farsi style,’ he said, asking the information and culture ministry to close the channel that could ‘negatively impact’ the Afghan culture. ‘I watch Taban television, but not frequently,’ said a female Nangarhar University student, Hangama. She accused the channel of promoting the Iranian culture. ‘I don't think the TV has any other agenda.’ The student said the channel regularly aired Azan (call to prayers) for followers of the Shiite sect, despite the fact that no Shiite lived in the city.” (Afghanistan Times, 10. Jänner 2013)

Im Oktober 2015 erwähnt RSF, dass die Taliban eine Stellungnahme veröffentlicht hätten, nach der zwei führende Fernsehsender in Privatbesitz als „militärische Ziele“ eingestuft würden. Der Islamische Staat habe in Jalalabad am 10. Oktober 2015 zudem vor zwei Radiosendern, Radio Safa und Radio Killid, Bombenanschläge verübt.

„The Taliban issued a statement yesterday proclaiming Afghanistan’s two leading privately-owned TV stations to be ‘military targets’ while Islamic State detonated a homemade bomb outside two radio stations in Jalalabad, the capital of the eastern province of Nangarhar, on 10 October. […] The target of the Islamic State attack in Jalalabad on the night of 10 October was the building that houses Radio Safa, a local station, and the regional office of Radio Killid. The bomb destroyed the main door and part of a wall, but did not damage any equipment and both stations were able to continue operating. ‘We have never had this kind of threat to our radio station,’ Radio Safa manager Ferdos Hazrati told Reporters Without Borders. Killid Group CEO Najiba Ayubi said: ‘Prior to this attack, Radio Killid was subjected to harassment in the form of repeated phone calls with the aim of getting it to broadcast information about Islamic State’s activities (...) The media cannot report unverifiable information, just as you cannot threaten and less still target media. Destroying independent media is not good for anyone.’ Asking not to be identified, a Nangarhar province security official said: ‘Islamic State has begun pressuring the media to cover its activities in the region. Right after this attack, some media outlets received a call in which a person claiming to be an Islamic State spokesman said this was a warning.’ It was the second attack on media outlets in Jalalabad to be claimed by Islamic State. The regional bureaux of the independent Afghan news agency Pajhwok and the US government-funded Voice of America radio were the target of an attack on 12 June in which two VOA journalists were injured.” (RSF, 13. Oktober 2015)

 

 

 

Quellen: (Zugriff auf alle Quellen am 23. Mai 2016)

·      Afghanistan Times: Viewers come hard on new TV channel, 10. Jänner 2013
http://www.afghanistantimes.af/old/news_details.php?id=2156&&cid=3

·      Afghanistan Today: Actor turned media mogul, 20. Oktober 2010
http://www.afghanistan-today.org/en/articles/society/74/

·      Altai Consulting: Afghan Media in 2010; Priority District Report Jalalabad (Nangarhar), 13. Oktober 2010 (veröffentlicht von USAID)
http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaea652.pdf

·      RSF - Reporters Sans Frontières: Taliban and Islamic State extend news “black holes” in Afghanistan, 7. Juli 2015 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/307112/444770_de.html

·      RSF - Reporters Sans Frontières: Afghanistan - Taliban and Islamic State treat media as targets, 13. Oktober 2015 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
http://www.ecoi.net/local_link/313163/437502_en.html