16. Oktober 2014

 

Die folgenden Ausschnitte aus ausgewählten Quellen enthalten Informationen zu oben genannter Fragestellung (Zugriff auf alle Quellen am 16. Oktober 2014):

 

·      Der Standard: Asyl für Atheisten aus Afghanistan, 14. Jänner 2014

http://derstandard.at/1388650975906/Asyl-fuer-Atheisten-aus-Afghanistan

„Ein bekennender Atheist aus Afghanistan hat vom britischen Innenministerium politisches Asyl erhalten. Das bestätigten seine Rechtsbeistände am Dienstag. Der Afghane war bereits im Jahr 2007 im Alter von 16 Jahren nach Großbritannien gekommen und hatte sich vom muslimischen Glauben seiner Kindheit gelöst. […] Der Islam spiele in der afghanischen Öffentlichkeit eine solch große Rolle, dass es einem Atheisten fast unmöglich sei, dort unbehelligt zu leben. Das Abfallen vom Glauben werde vom Scharia-Recht mit der Todesstrafe geahndet.“ (Der Standard, 14. Jänner 2014)

·      UNHCR - UN High Commissioner for Refugees: UNHCR Eligibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Asylum-Seekers from Afghanistan [HCR/EG/AFG/13/01], 6. August 2013 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)

https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1930_1386162591_afghanistan-richtlinien2013dt.pdf

„Eine Konversion vom Islam wird als Apostasie betrachtet und wird gemäß einigen Auslegungen des islamischen Rechts in Afghanistan mit dem Tod bestraft. Zwar wird Apostasie im afghanischen Strafgesetzbuch nicht als Straftat definiert, fällt jedoch nach allgemeiner afghanischer Rechtsauffassung unter die nicht weiter definierten ‚ungeheuerlichen Straftaten‘, die laut Strafgesetzbuch nach der Hanafi-Rechtslehre bestraft werden und in den Zuständigkeitsbereich der Generalstaatsanwalt fallen. Damit wird Apostasie als Straftat behandelt, obwohl nach der afghanischen Verfassung keine Handlung als Straftat eingestuft werden darf, sofern sie nicht als solche gesetzlich definiert ist. Geistig zurechnungsfähige männliche Bürger über 18 Jahren und weibliche Bürger über 16 Jahren, die vom Islam konvertieren und ihre Konversion nicht innerhalb von drei Tagen widerrufen, riskieren die Annullierung ihrer Ehe und eine Enteignung von Grundstücke und Eigentümer. Außerdem können sie von ihren Familien und Gemeinschaften zurückgewiesen werden und ihre Arbeit verlieren.“ (UNHCR, 6. August 2013, S. 52)

·      IHEU - International Humanist and Ethical Union: Freedom of Thought 2013: A Global Report on the Rights, Legal Status, and Discrimination Against Humanists, Atheists, and the Non-religious, 10. Dezember 2013

http://freethoughtreport.com/download-the-report/

„The [Afghan] criminal code makes no specific references to religious conversion. However, in the absence of a provision in the constitution or other laws, Article 130 of the constitution instructs that court decisions should be in accordance with constitutional limits and Hanafi religious jurisprudence to achieve justice. Under some interpretations of Islamic law, active in practice under Article 130, converting from Islam to another religion is deemed apostasy and considered an egregious crime. Male citizens over age 18, or female citizens over age 16 of sound mind, who convert from Islam have three days to recant their conversions or possibly face death by stoning, deprivation of all property and possessions, and/or the invalidation of their marriage. Some reports suggest execution should be by hanging, not stoning. The criminal code also makes no specific references to blasphemy; courts therefore rely on Islamic law to address this issue. Blasphemy – which can include anti-Islamic writings or speech – is a capital crime under some interpretations of Islamic law. For males over age 18 and females over age 16 of sound mind, an Islamic judge may impose a death sentence for blasphemy. Similar to apostates, those accused of blasphemy are given three days to recant or face death.” (IHEU, 10. Dezember 2013, S. 121)

Der oben zitierte Bericht enthält auf den Seiten 120 bis 123 zudem weitere Informationen zu Glaubensfreiheit in Afghanistan.

 

·      The Law Library of Congress: Laws Criminalizing Apostasy, Mai 2014

http://www.loc.gov/law/help/apostasy/apostasy.pdf

„Under the Hanafi interpretation of Islamic law, as applied in Afghanistan, the crime of apostasy constitutes a hudud crime, a class of crimes that stipulates fixed punishments. Article 1 of the 1976 Afghan Penal Code states that hudud crimes must be punished in accordance with provisions of uncodified Islamic religious law as applied by Hanafi religious jurisprudence. Similarly, article 130 of the Afghan Constitution states that while processing a case, courts must apply provisions of Hanafi jurisprudence if there is no provision in the Constitution or other laws regarding a specific case. Prevailing Hanafi jurisprudence, as applied in Afghanistan, prescribes the death penalty for the crime of apostasy. A person charged with apostasy can avoid prosecution and/or punishment if he recants. Convictions for apostasy could have wide-ranging consequences. Apostasy is considered a serious offense and persons so charged may ‘possibly face death by stoning, deprivation of all property and possessions, and/or the invalidation of their marriages.’ However, it appears that prosecutions are rare. For instance, a Christian convert, Abdul Rahman, was accused of apostasy in 2006 but was apparently acquitted on a ‘technicality about his mental condition.’ In late March 2006, he was granted asylum in Italy despite opposition to his release from the Afghan Parliament and members of the Muslim clergy in Afghanistan. In 2011, Christian converts Said Musa and Shoaib Assadullah, who had been arrested for apostasy and faced potential death sentences, were released, reportedly as a result of international attention and diplomatic pressure.“ (The Law Library of Congress, Mai 2014, S. 3)

·      Afghanisches Strafgesetzbuch (Penal Code), 7. Oktober 1976 (veröffentlicht von UNODC)

https://www.unodc.org/tldb/showDocument.do?documentUid=2100

„Article 1

This Law regulates the ‘Tazeeri’ crime and penalties. Those committing crimes of ‘Hodod’, ‘Qassass’ and ‘Diat’ shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of Islamic religious law (the Hanafi religious jurisprudence).” (Afghanisches Strafgesetzbuch, 1976, Artikel 1)

·      USCIRF - US Commission on International Religious Freedom: United States Commission on International Religious Freedom - Annual Report 2014 - 15th Anniversary Retrospective: Renewing the Commitment, 30. April 2014

http://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/USCIRF 2014 Annual Report PDF.pdf

„Within the legal context discussed above, a restrictive interpretation of Islamic law is prioritized over human rights guarantees and has resulted in abuses. During the reporting period, the United Kingdom gave asylum to an atheist from Afghanistan over fears he would be prosecuted for apostasy and could face a death sentence.“ (USCIRF, 30. April 2014, S. 109)

·      BBC News: Controversy of apostasy in Afghanistan, 14. Jänner 2014

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25732919#sa-ns_mchannel=rss&ns_source=PublicRSS20-sa

„For those who were born Muslim, it might be possible to live in Afghan society if one does not practise Islam or even becomes an ‘apostate’ or a ‘convert’. They are safe as long as they keep quiet about it. The danger comes when it is made public that a Muslim has stopped believing in the principles of Islam. There is no compassion for Muslims who ‘betray their faith’ by converting to other religions or who simply stop believing in one God and the Prophet Muhammad. And, in most cases, the family itself disowns a person who becomes an apostate. Conversion, or apostasy, is also a crime under Afghanistan's Islamic law and is punishable by death. In some instances, people may even take matters into their own hands and beat an apostate to death without the case going to court.“ (BBC, 14. Jänner 2014)

·      New Statesman: Atheist Afghan receives asylum in the UK – for fear of religious persecution, 14. Jänner 2014

http://www.newstatesman.com/religion/2014/01/atheist-afghan-receives-asylum-uk-fear-religious-persecution

„Even living ‘discreetly’ as an atheist might prove impossible, it was argued [by the man's legal team], given that ‘every aspect of daily life and culture in Afghanistan is permeated by Islam’.” (New Statesman, 14. Jänner 2014)

·      Huffington Post: Atheists in Afghanistan, 20. Mai 2014

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kelly-james-clark/atheists-in-afghanistan_b_4999282.html

„There are, of course, atheists in Afghanistan -- apostates from Islam, even. Most of them are safe from persecution because they conceal their non-Muslim beliefs. But if their unbelief were made known, a Muslim apostate would be in grave danger.“ (Huffington Post, 20. Mai 2014)

Eine Anfragebeantwortung des norwegischen Herkunftsländerinformationszentrums Landinfo vom August 2014 enthält ebenfalls Informationen zur Lage von AtheistInnen, ist jedoch nur in norwegischer Sprache verfügbar:

·      Landinfo - Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre: Afghanistan: Ateister, 26. August 2014 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)

http://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1788_1409561226_2956-1.pdf