a-7711 (ACC-AFG-7711)

Das vorliegende Dokument beruht auf einer zeitlich begrenzten Recherche in öffentlich zugänglichen Dokumenten, die ACCORD derzeit zur Verfügung stehen, und wurde in Übereinstimmung mit den Standards von ACCORD und den Common EU Guidelines for processing Country of Origin Information (COI) erstellt.
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In den ACCORD derzeit zur Verfügung stehenden Quellen konnten im Rahmen der zeitlich begrenzten Recherche keine direkten Informationen zur Zwangsrekrutierung von Minderjährigen durch die Taliban in der Provinz Daikundi [auch Daykundi; Day Kundi; Daikondi, Anm. ACCORD] gefunden werden.
 
Im Folgenden finden sich Informationen zur Zwangsrekrutierung von Kindern durch die Taliban in Afghanistan allgemein und zu Aktivitäten der Taliban in der Provinz Daikundi.
 
In einem Bericht der Sonderbeauftragten des UNO-Generalsekretärs für Kinder und bewaffnete Konflikte vom Juli 2011 findet sich auf Seite 16 eine Auflistung von bewaffneten Gruppen, die Kinder rekrutieren, einsetzen und töten würden – darunter die Taliban-Streitkräfte („Taliban forces“) (UNGA, 21. Juli 2011, S. 16).
 
Das Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN) bezieht sich in einem Artikel vom Jänner 2011 auf einen Bericht des UNO-Generalsekretärs vom April 2010. Kinder würden unter anderem von den Taliban rekrutiert und für militärische Zwecke eingesetzt:
“Children are recruited and used for military purposes by the Afghan national police, as well as the following anti-government groups: Haqqani network, Hezb-i-Islamic, Taliban, Tora Bora Front and the Jamat Sunat al-Dawa Salafia, the UN Secretary-General said in a report in April 2010.” (IRIN, 20. Jänner 2011)
Im Mai 2011 beruft sich IRIN auf Aussagen von Dee Brillenburg, einen Berater für die Rechte von Kindern der UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA). Es gebe Beweise, dass die Taliban Kinder im Alter von 11 bis 17 Jahren rekrutieren würden. Die Kinder würden im bewaffneten Kampf, für Waffenschmuggel und für Bombenlegung eingesetzt. IRIN zitiert des Weiteren einen Sprecher der Taliban, der bestreite, dass die Taliban Kinder rekrutieren würden. Jedoch sehe der Begriff „Jihad“, der von den Taliban herangezogen werde, um ihren bewaffneten Aufstand zu beschreiben, keine bestimmte Altersgrenze vor. Teilnehmer des Jihads müssten lediglich die Pubertät überschritten haben und geistig geeignet sein:
“’We have evidence that the Taliban have been recruiting children aged 11-17 to carry out a range of activities - from armed combat to smuggling of weapons across the Pakistan-Afghan border and planting IEDs [improvised explosive devices],’ said Dee Brillenburg Wurth, a child rights adviser with the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA). […]
However, jihad - the term used by the Taliban to describe their armed insurgency in Afghanistan - does not require participants to be older than a certain age; they need only to be beyond the age of puberty and mentally fit, according to Islamic scholars.
‘It’s our policy not to recruit children - in order to prevent vice in our ranks because most Mujahedin are single men and spend a lot of their time away from their homes, so the policy is to avoid any child sexual abuse in our forces,’ said the Taliban spokesman.” (IRIN, 23. Mai 2011)
Die UNO-Hilfsmission in Afghanistan (United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan,  UNAMA) berichtet im Juli 2011, dass die Anzahl der Selbstmordanschläge durch Kinder steige. Im Mai 2011 hätten die Taliban die „Verwendung von Kindern und Jugendlichen für jihadistische Operationen“ dementiert. Die Definition der Taliban des Begriffs „Kind“ stehe nicht mit internationalen Standards in Einklang. Die Taliban würden laut eigenen Angaben keine „Jungen ohne Bärte“ bei militärischen Operationen einsetzen, was den Kampfeinsatz von Jugendlichen unter 18 Jahren ermögliche. Die afghanischen Sicherheitskräfte hätten in steigendem Ausmaß Kinder verhaftet, denen vorgeworfen werde, Selbstmordattentäter zu sein. Dies lege nahe, dass mehr Kinder rekrutiert, ausgebildet und zur Ausführung von Anschlägen verwendet würden:
„Recruitment, training and use of children as suicide bombers
UNAMA notes with concern the rising number of incidents involving child suicide bombers. On May 10, 2011 a Taliban statement denied ‘the use of children and adolescents in Jihadic Operations.’ Although UNAMA is unable to link the use of children suicide bombers to a particular insurgent group, we note that the Taliban’s definition of children is not consistent with international standards. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) defines a child as a person under the age of 18 years, regardless of what local laws apply to children. According to the Taliban they do not use ‘boys with no beards’ in military operations. This vague definition may permit the use of boys younger than 18 years old in combat operations.
UNAMA calls on the Taliban to recognize the international standard for the age of a child as defined in the CRC and to pledge not to use anyone younger than 18 years old in military operations.
On 26 June in Char China district, Uruzgan province, insurgents instructed an eight year old girl to bring a package of explosive devices to a police vehicle. The insurgents remotely detonated the bomb, killing the girl. There were no other casualties.
On 1 May in Paktika province, a 12-year old suicide bomber, the youngest ever reported in Afghanistan, killed three civilians and injured 12.
Afghan security forces have made an increasing number of arrests of children suspected of being suicide attackers which may indicate that more children are being recruited, trained and used to carry out such attacks.
On 7 May, the National Directorate of Security (NDS) arrested five boys between the ages of 13 and 14 who confessed to NDS they had undergone training in Peshawar, Pakistan to carry out suicide attacks.
On 30 March, authorities in Baghlan province arrested a 17-year old boy trained as a suicide bomber and on 2 April, NDS arrested a 14 year-old suspect suicide bomber, originally from Badakhshan province.
On 20 May, in Nuristan province, Parun district, Chatras area, a 12-year-old child died when a suicide vest accidentally detonated during his training session.“ (UNAMA, Juli 2011)
Laut dem Jahresbericht zur Menschenrechtslage im Jahr 2010 des US-Außenministeriums (US Department of State, USDOS) vom April 2011 gebe es anekdotische Evidenz, dass Fälle von Rekrutierung minderjähriger Soldaten im Steigen begriffen seien. Es gebe glaubwürdige Berichte, dass unter anderem die Taliban Kinder unter 18 Jahren rekrutieren würden. Die Kinder würden als Selbstmordattentäter, menschliche Schutzschilde und Helfer rekrutiert:
“The UN secretary-general's April report also noted that children were recruited and used for military purposes by several antigovernment and insurgent groups, including the Haqqani network, Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin (HIG), the Taliban, the Tora Bora Front, and the Jamat Sunat al-Dawa Salafia.
Anecdotal evidence suggested that insurgent recruitment of underage soldiers was on the rise. There were numerous credible reports that the Taliban and other insurgent forces recruited children younger than age 18, in some cases as suicide bombers and human shields and in other cases to assist with their work. NGOs and UN agencies reported that the Taliban tricked children, promised them money, or forced them to become suicide bombers.” (USDOS, 8. April 2011, Section 1g)
Das Kinderhilfswerk der Vereinten Nationen (UNICEF) berichtet im Juni 2011, dass bewaffnete oppositionelle Gruppen ihre Bemühungen verstärken würden, Kinder zu rekrutieren und diese als Selbstmordattentäter einzusetzen. Am 1. Mai 2011 habe ein 12-jähriger Junge in der Provinz Paktia ein Selbstmordattentat begangen, bei dem vier Personen getötet worden seien:
“Children and women are reported to have been killed after an airstrike in Helmand four days ago. Armed opposition groups are reportedly increasing efforts to recruit and use children as suicide bombers and on 1st May a twelve year old boy is said to have perpetrated a suicide attack in Paktia Province that resulted in four deaths.” (UNICEF, 1. Juni 2011)
Laut einem undatierten Artikel des Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict (OSRSG) seien im Jahr 2010 Kinder - unter anderem von den Taliban - rekrutiert und benutzt worden. 23 Fälle von Kindesrekrutierung durch bewaffnete Gruppen seien bestätigt worden. Die Hälfte dieser Fälle sei in Provinzen nahe der Grenze zu Pakistan und dem Iran berichtet worden. Alle Kinder seien männlich und zwischen 9 und 17 Jahren alt gewesen. Alle rekrutierten Kinder seien männlich und zwischen 9 und 17 Jahre alt gewesen. Der Großteil der Kinder sei in den südlichen und westlichen Regionen Afghanistans rekrutiert worden:
“The recruitment and use of children by anti-government elements, including the Taliban and its various factions, Haqqani network, Hizb-e-Islami of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, the Tora Bora Front, Latif Mansur Network and Jamat Sunat al-Dawa Salafia, was observed throughout the country in 2010. Children were used by them to carry out suicide attacks, plant explosives and transport munitions. The country task forces on monitoring and reporting verified 23 incidents of recruitment and use of children by armed groups. Half of these incidents were reported from provinces near the border with Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran. All recruited children are male, between the ages of 9 and 17, and most of them were recruited in southern and western regions.
There have been continued reports of cross-border recruitment and use of children by armed opposition groups, including the Taliban, from both Pakistan and Afghanistan. Many have been forced to carry explosives across the Pakistan-Afghanistan border, often without their knowledge, while others have received more advanced training in weapons. One boy, aged 15 years, recounted that he was kidnapped by the Taliban at the age of 13 and taken to Pakistan, near the Turham border, where he was kept in captivity, among other Afghan children, for almost two years and received training in the use of weaponry. The boy was told that anyone who tried to escape would be killed. He was forced to join a Taliban fighting group and participated in armed clashes in Khyber, Kharkhano and other locations before escaping during an attack. He managed to find his way to Kabul, where he was arrested by the Afghan National Security Forces. He is currently serving a prison sentence in Kabul Juvenile Rehabilitation Centre for threatening national security.” (OSRSG, ohne DatumA)
Laut einem Bericht des UNO-Flüchtlingshochkommissariats (UNHCR) von Dezember 2010 komme es besonders in den südlichen, südöstlichen und östlichen Regionen zu Zwangsrekrutierungen von Kindern durch bewaffnete Gruppen, darunter die Taliban. Insbesondere binnenvertriebene Kinder und Kinder, die Teil isolierter Bevölkerungsgruppen seien, seien von Rekrutierung durch regierungsfeindliche Gruppen betroffen. Diese Gruppen hätten Berichten zufolge Kinder entführt und sie in Pakistan militärisch ausgebildet. Des Weiteren würden diese Kinder für Selbstmordanschläge und zur Bombenlegung eingesetzt:
“Forced Recruitment
In April 2010, the Afghan Ministry of Interior formally banned under-age recruitment in the police and provided for the demobilization and reintegration of children serving in the police forces at the time. However, there are concerns that children have been recruited by the Afghan security forces, including the Afghan National Security Forces and the Afghan National Police. Forced recruitment of children by armed groups, including the Taliban, the Haqqani network, Hezb-i-Islami, the Tora Bora Front and Jamat Sunat al-Dawa Salafia, is reported, particularly in the southern, south-eastern and eastern regions. Internally displaced children and children part of isolated populations in conflict-affected areas are particularly at risk of recruitment into armed anti-Government groups. Such groups have reportedly abducted children for the purposes of military training in Pakistan. These children have also been used to carry out suicide attacks or to plant explosives, often resulting in their own deaths.” (UNHCR, 17. Dezember 2010, S. 25-26)
Laut einem undatierten Bericht zu einer Mission von Februar 2010 der Sonderbeauftragten des UNO-Generalsekretärs für Kinder und bewaffnete Konflikte (OSRSG) würden Kinder im Alter zwischen 13 und 16 Jahren von den Taliban als Selbstmordattentäter eingesetzt:
“Documented cases show that children are also used as suicide bombers by the Taliban. Children involved range from 13-16 years of age and, according to testimonies of failed bombers, have been tricked, promised money or otherwise forced to become suicide bombers. However, some children who have attempted suicide attacks have been heavily indoctrinated, many times in foreign countries, and efforts must be undertaken to combat this practice. That said, some reports suggest that, in the latest incidents of children used in bombings, they may not have been aware of what they were carrying, and explosives were set off remotely without their knowledge.” (OSRSG, ohne DatumB)
Folgende Absätze enthalten Informationen zu Aktivitäten der Taliban in der Provinz Daikundi:
 
Die Internationale Sicherheitsunterstützungstruppe (ISAF) berichtet in einem Artikel vom Juni 2010, dass afghanische ZivilistInnen am 14. Juni 2010 in der Provinz Daikundi die afghanische Polizei dabei unterstützt hätten, einen Angriff von etwa 50 Taliban abzuwehren. Dies sei der zweite Taliban-Angriff in der Provinz Daikundi im Jahr 2010 gewesen. Ein Kommandant der Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force-Afghanistan habe angegeben, dass die BewohnerInnen der Ortschaft Kajran die afghanische Regierung stark unterstützen würden:
“Afghan civilians helped Afghan National Police (ANP) repel an attack by an estimated 50 Taliban against a police checkpoint in Daykundi Province Monday. […]
This is the second time that residents of Daykundi Province have fought against the Taliban this year. On April 21, residents of Gizab captured several Taliban, and when nearly a dozen insurgents retaliated by attacking the town, the town's local defense force, supported by coalition aircraft, repelled the attack.
‘Kajran villagers are strong supporters of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and United States Special Forces,’ said Col. Donald Bolduc, Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force-Afghanistan commander. ‘We will continue to provide support when asked and assist the Afghan National Police in providing security to the region.’” (ISAF, 16. Juni 2010)
Die indische Tageszeitung The Hindu berichtet im April 2011 über einen Selbstmordanschlag auf einem Militärstützpunkt in Ost-Afghanistan. Ein Taliban-Sprecher, Zabiullah Mujahid, habe in einem E-Mail an ReporterInnen angegeben, dass der Selbstmordattentäter aus der Provinz Daikundi stamme. Dieser habe seit einem Monat, mit dem Ziel den Selbstmordanschlag auszuführen, in der afghanischen Armee gedient:
“A suicide bomber wearing an Afghan security forces uniform blew himself up on Saturday at the entrance to a military base in eastern Afghanistan, killing at least four Afghan soldiers, officials said. The Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack. […]
In an e—mail to reporters, Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid said the bomber was from Day Kundi province in central Afghanistan. ‘A month ago, he joined with the Afghan army and his aim was to carry out the suicide attack,’ Mujahid said. ‘Today, when there was a meeting going on between Afghan and foreign soldiers, he used the opportunity to carry out the attack.’” (The Hindu, 16. April 2011)
Das Institute for the Study of War (ISW) berichtet in einem undatierten Artikel auf seiner Website, dass die Bevölkerung der Provinz Daikundi aufgrund ihrer ethnischen und religiösen Unterschiede zum Ziel von Diskriminierung und Unterdrückung werde. Dies sei insbesondere unter den Taliban der Fall gewesen. Von vielen AfghanInnen würde sie als die traditionelle Unterschicht („traditional underclass of society“) angesehen. Die Sicherheitslage in der Provinz sei im Allgemeinen stabil, jedoch gebe es in den Bezirken Kirjan und Gizab Probleme mit der Sicherheitslage:
“Demographics and Terrain […]
The province has a population of almost half of million. While Hazaras form the ethnic majority, the province also has small populations of Pashtun, Balochi and Sayeed. The Hazaras form distinct ethnic group descending from the Mongols. As Shiites, they are also a religious minority within Afghanistan. Because of these differences, they have been historic targets of discrimination and even repression (particularly under the Taliban); they are considered by many Afghans to form the traditional underclass of society.
Security
The province is generally stable, although there are security problems in the southernmost districts of the province, Kirjan and Gizab.  The 205th Corps does not maintain forces in Day Kundi, however.” (ISW, ohne Datum)
 Quellen: (Zugriff auf alle Quellen am 5. Oktober 2011)
·      IRIN – Integrated Regional Information Network: Taliban deny children being used as suicide bombers, 23. Mai 2011
http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=92790
·      IRIN – Integrated Regional Information Network: Fears over child recruitment, abuse by pro-government militias, 20. Jänner 2011
http://www.irinnews.org/fr/ReportFrench.aspx?ReportID=91676
·      ISAF – Afghanistan International Security Assistance Force: Afghan Civilians Again Fight Off Taliban in Daykundi Province, 16. Juni 2010
http://www.isaf.nato.int/article/isaf-releases/afghan-civilians-again-fight-off-taliban-in-daykundi-province.html
·      ISW - Institute for the Study of War: Regional Command South; Day Kundi, ohne Datum
http://www.understandingwar.org/region/regional-command-south-0#Day_Kundi
·      OSRSG - Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict: Developments in Afghanistan, ohne DatumA
http://www.un.org/children/conflict/english/afghanistan.html
·      OSRSG - Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict: Mission Report; Visit of the Special Representative for Children & Armed Conflict to Afghanistan; 20-26 February 2010, ohne DatumB
http://www.un.org/children/conflict/_documents/countryvisits/afghanistan.pdf
·      The Hindu: Taliban claims responsibility for attack on base, 16. April 2011
http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article1701432.ece
·      UNAMA - United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan: Midyear Report 2011; Protection of civilians in Armed Conflict, Juli 2011 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1314024809_2011-midyear-poc.pdf
·      UNGA - UN General Assembly: Annual report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for children and armed conflict, Radhika Coomaraswamy, 21. Juli 2011
http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/18session/A.HRC.18.38_en.pdf
·      UNHCR – UN High Commissioner for Refugees: UNHCR Eligibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Asylum-Seekers from Afghanistan, 17. Dezember 2010 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/file_upload/1226_1292833154_4d0b55c92.pdf
·      UNICEF - United Nations Children's Fund: Statement by Peter Crowley, UNICEF Representative in Afghanistan, on the Occasion of International Children's Day, 1. Juni 2011
http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/media_58732.html
·      USDOS - US Department of State: Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2010, Afghanista, 8. April 2011 (verfügbar auf ecoi.net)
https://www.ecoi.net/local_link/158210/260644_en.html