ACCORD Anfragebeantwortung

31. Juli 2008

Vorkommen und Grund für Ehrenmorde; Zwangsrekrutierungen durch die PKK, staatlicher Schutz und interne Fluchtalternative (IFA)

a-6259 (ACC-TUR-6259)

Nach einer Recherche in unserer Länderdokumentation und im Internet können wir Ihnen zu oben genannter Fragestellung Materialien zur Verfügung stellen, die unter anderem folgende Informationen enthalten:
Vorkommen und Grund für Ehrenmorde
Informationen zu Ehrenmorden an Männern aufgrund unsittlichen Verhaltens entnehmen Sie bitte unserer Anfrage a-6079a vom 15. April 2008.
„Nach einer Untersuchung des Menschenrechtspräsidiums des Ministerpräsidentenamtes der Türkei sind in der Türkei innerhalb der vergangenen fünf Jahre 948 Menschen „Sitten- und Ehrenmorden“ zum Opfer gefallen. In dem Bericht wird darauf hingewiesen, dass die Strafverschärfung nicht zu einem Rückgang der Straftaten geführt habe. Die meisten Morde werden laut Bericht in Istanbul begangen, gefolgt von Ankara, Izmir, Amed, Bursa, Antalya, Aydin, Kayseri, Samsun und Sakarya.“ (ISKU, 21. Juni 2008)
„KA-MER, the leading women's organization in the southeast, reported that from 2003-2007 a total of 198 women from eastern and southeastern Anatolia contacted KA-MER to report that their family had threatened them with honor killings. Of these cases, three of the women died from injuries sustained in the attacks, one committed suicide, and 27 were pressured to commit suicide. The father or husband decided the fate of the woman in the vast majority of the cases. […] "Disobediance" was determined to be the most common reason given to justify honor killings. Disobediance was variously defined as refusing to marry the person the family had chosen, refusing to have sex with a brother-in-law or father, not agreeing to prostitute oneself, not fulfilling the demands of husbands, fathers, brothers, or other elders, and interrupting man-to-man conversations.
The government reported that there were 37 victims of honor killings during the year and 1,806 honor killings between 2001 and 2006. During the same period, 5,375 women committed suicide. After the government increased penalties for honor killings in 2005, family members increasingly pressured girls to kill themselves in order to preserve the family's honor, according to women's rights groups. […] Women's rights groups reported that there remained dozens of such killings every year, mainly in conservative Kurdish families in the southeast or among migrants from the southeast living in large cities. […]
On June 4, an Istanbul court sentenced Omer Rencber to life imprisonment for stabbing and killing his sister Arzu Kaya. Rencber had been pressed by his family to kill 28-year-old Kaya when, after a time of family economic turmoil, she left her husband in Erzurum and fled to Istanbul with an alleged lover. Rencber told the court he did not regret his actions.“ (USDOS, 11. März 2008, Sek. 5)
„Honor crimes, including killings—in which family members punish women who are considered to have brought dishonor on their family through situations such as pregnancy while unmarried or having been raped—continue to occur among traditional families. The 2005 penal code includes more severe punishment for these crimes among its other provisions designed to improve women’s rights. A Turkish parliamentary delegation visited the southeast in December 2005 to raise public awareness about honor killings, and implementation of the new law has indeed had some effect. In contrast, women’s groups have reported rising suicide rates among women; some claim the stricter laws are provoking this as families pressure women in an attempt to circumvent the law.“ (FH, 25. September 2007)
„A young unmarried girl running away with a man: There are 29 cases in this group, five of which ended in murder. It is interesting that among these stories the proportion of death penalties is lower compared with the cases of married women having extra-marital relationships as well as unmarried women having relationships with men. One of the reasons behind this could be the fact that this position prepares the ground for a bargain to marry the couple. As in all cases, community reactions are crucially important. If the event is known, people start to gossip and the family is socially excluded because they have not correctly interfered in the face of an immoral act. Then the family feels obliged to kill in order to protect their prestige. If the girl is pregnant or the man doesn’t want to get married because of his prior marriage or her engagement, these circumstances create complications which increase the likelihood of murder.“ (UNDP, November 2005, S. 35)
Darüber hinaus sei auf eine ältere Anfragebeantwortung des Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB) vom September 2004 verwiesen:
PKK: Zwangsrekrutierungen
„Nearly a decade after its founding, the group turned to terrorist tactics in the mid-1980s, relying on guerrilla warfare that included kidnappings of foreign tourists in Turkey, suicide bombings, and attacks on Turkish diplomatic offices in Europe. The PKK has also repeatedly attacked civilians who refuse to assist it. […] During fighting in southeast Turkey, PKK terrorists also killed civilians and village guards loyal to the Turkish government.“ (CFR, 19. Oktober 2007)
„According to Mr. Tanrýkulu there were cases of forced recruitment to the PKK/Konra-Gel during the 1990s, but not in the last five years. Mr. Demirtaþ told me that he had heard of persons being compelled to support the PKK/Konra-Gel (supply with food, smuggling of weapons and so forth). He could, however, not recall any specific cases. Neither was he aware of any cases, where individuals had been forcibly recruited to the PKK/Konra-Gel or to its armed forces HPG. Due to the organisation’s conspiratorial character, Mr. Tanrýkulu doubted that any such claims of forced recruitment to the PKK/Konra-Gel were trustworthy.
Mr. Kutlu (HRFT [Human Rights Foundation of Turkey; Anmerkung ACCORD]), agreed that forced recruitment to the organisations military units appeared to be unlikely, but added that young men could be forced to support the PKK/Konra-Gel in other ways. However, such a claim would be impossible to verify in the process of asylum determination, since the applicant would not be able to provide any hard evidence.“ (Landinfo, 7. - 17. Oktober 2004, S. 15f)
Darüber hinaus konnten in den ACCORD derzeit zur Verfügung stehenden Quellen im Rahmen der zeitlich begrenzten Recherche keine Informationen zu Zwangsrekrutierungen durch die PKK und Vergeltungsmaßnahmen bei der Weigerung, der PKK beizutreten, gefunden werden. Gesucht wurde auf ecoi.net sowie mittels Google unter anderem nach den folgenden Begriffen: Google: PKK "forced recruitment" OR "forced conscription", recruitment PKK threat, recruitment PKK harassment, decline recruitment PKK persecution, PKK "refused membership" persecution, "PKK membership" refusal persecution, Kongra-Gel "forced recruitment", decline OR refuse support PKK OR Kongra-Gel, "refuse to support" OR "refuse to assist" PKK OR Kongra-Gel, "forced to support" OR "forced to assist" PKK OR Kongra-Gel, "forced civilians to" PKK OR Kongra-Gel, "forced villagers to" PKK OR Kongra-Gel, "forced Kurds to" PKK OR Kongra-Gel, "who did not support" PKK OR Kongra-Gel, "refused participation" OR "refused to participate" PKK OR Kongra-Gel, "refusing to support" OR "refusing to assist" PKK OR Kongra-Gel, "refusing to participate" PKK OR Kongra-Gel, refuse join PKK OR Kongra-Gel, PKK OR Kongra-Gel traitor
Staatlicher Schutz und IFA (bei Ehrenmorden und Zwangsrekrutierung zur PKK)
„On November 13, an Istanbul court ordered the first life sentence for an honor killing case, in the case of the murder of 22-year-old Guldunya Toren by her two brothers, Irfan and Ferit Toren. The court sentenced Irfan to life and Ferit (a minor at the time of the murder) to 23 years for killing their sister after Guldunya refused to become the second wife of a cousin who had raped her. Following the birth of the child that resulted from the rape, Guldunya fled her home in Bitlis and took refuge at an Istanbul police station. The police sent her back to live with her uncle, where her brothers then beat her. As she recovered from her wounds in a state hospital, the brothers shot her twice in the head.
In October 2006 the press reported that 15-year-old Naile Erdas from the southeastern city of Van was killed by her family when she gave birth to a child conceived during a rape. The girl, who hid her pregnancy, reportedly begged doctors at a state hospital where she gave birth not to return her to her family, fearing that she would be killed in accordance with the local tradition demanding her family's honor be cleansed. Doctors informed state authorities, but the prosecutor nevertheless handed the young woman over to her family. At year's end, Erdas's brother, father, and uncles were under arrest for the murder.“ (USDOS, 11. März 2008, Sek. 5)
„Nicht nur aktive Kämpfer oder Frontaktivisten der Kurdischen Arbeiterpartei PKK sind von Verfolgung bedroht, sondern (z.B. in der DTP) organisierte oder auch nicht organisierte «Patrioten». Dazu zählen auch einfache Dorfbewohner (Bauern), vor allem dann, wenn es in der Nähe der Dörfer zu Gefechten oder Minenexplosionen gekommen ist. Je weiter die Wachen, auf denen Verdächtige verhört werden, von Zentren mit Anwälten und Menschenrechtlern entfernt sind, umso grösser ist die Gefahr der Misshandlung. Immer noch gilt, dass auf den Wachen der Gendarmerie häufig zu brutaleren Methoden gegriffen wird, selbst wenn (oder weil) «geschultes» Personal (z.B. der Intelligenzabteilung JITEM) zugegen ist.“ (SFH, 2. Oktober 2007, S. 14)
"According to Kutlu [Representative of the HRFT - Human Rights Foundation of Turkey; Anmerkung ACCORD] it is "unthinkable" that a person compelled to join the PKK/Konra-Gel would dare to ask the Gendarmerie or Police for help. "Nobody would believe him". According to Mr. Demirtaº and Mr. Kutlu, the only way for a caseworker to deal with claims of forced support or recruitment is to assess the context and plausibility of the story as such." (Landinfo, 7. - 17. Oktober 2004, S. 15f)