ACCORD Anfragebeantwortung

24. November 2008
Jordanien

Rechtliche und praktische Lage von staatenlosen Palästinensern (im Vergleich zu Palästinensern mit jordanischer Staatsbürgerschaft)

a-6411 (ACC-JOR-6411)

Nach einer Recherche in unserer Länderdokumentation und im Internet können wir Ihnen zu oben genannter Fragestellung Materialien zur Verfügung stellen, die unter anderem folgende Informationen enthalten:
 
Das US Department of State (USDOS) schreibt in seinem im März 2008 veröffentlichten Länderbericht zur Menschenrechtslage, dass Palästinenser, die nach 1967 ihren Aufenthalt noch in der Westbank hatten, sowie Flüchtlinge, die nach 1967 aus Gaza nach Jordanien geflohen seien, kein Recht auf eine jordanische Staatsbürgerschaft hätten und lediglich temporäre Pässe erhalten würden:
“There were three groups of Palestinians residing in the country. Those that migrated to the country and the Jordan-controlled West Bank after the 1948 Arab-Israeli war were given full citizenship. Those still residing in the West Bank after 1967 were no longer eligible to claim citizenship but were allowed to obtain temporary passports without national numbers, provided they did not also carry a Palestinian Authority travel document. […] Refugees who fled Gaza after 1967 were not entitled to citizenship and were issued temporary passports without national numbers.” (USDOS, 11. März 2008, Sek. 5)
Das US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI) beschreibt in seinem World Refugee Survey vom Juni 2008 die Lage von Palästinensern, die seit 1967 aus Gaza vertrieben worden seien und  Inhaber zeitlich befristeter Pässe ohne Bürgernummern seien, hinsichtlich ihrer Ansprüche auf soziale Dienstleistungen:
“All bearers of temporary passports, including Palestinians displaced from Gaza since 1967, had to obtain permits to work legally. Palestinian refugees holding temporary Jordanian passports could work for the Government only on a contractual basis. Jordanian law did not permit foreigners to join unions but its labor laws did generally apply to noncitizens. Access to social security benefits depended on reciprocal privileges in the worker’s country of origin, rendering stateless Palestinians ineligible. […] Palestinians from Gaza holding temporary Jordanian passports had to pay school fees in foreign currency where applicable and a fee for medical services. Public hospitals and health centers treated patients regardless of status, but non-Jordanians paid higher fees than citizens did. Palestinians displaced from Gaza since 1967 did not enjoy social security benefits, medical services, public education, or other social services that Palestinian citizens of Jordan enjoyed. UNRWA operated 24 medical clinics inside and outside the refugee camps. Children of Palestinians from Gaza holding temporary Jordanian passports could enroll in Jordanian schools.” (USCRI, 14. Juni 2008)
Ein von Forced Migration Online (FMO) im Februar 2004 veröffentlichter Research Guide zu palästinensischen Flüchtlingen in Jordanien (Autor: Oroub Al Abed) beschreibt den jeweiligen Zugang einerseits von Palästinensern mit jordanischer Staatsbürgerschaft und andererseits Palästinensern mit temporärem jordanischem Pass zu Bildung, Arbeit und Landeigentum:
“Right to education
Palestinian refugees with full Jordanian citizenship officially have access to all public services. Those living in the refugee camps, however, generally use UNRWA's services, including UNRWA schools and other educational centres. Displaced Palestinians and Gazans also have access to both public schools and UNRWA schools upon proving residence in a camp. However, all holders of he two/five-year temporary passports are treated as foreigners and are required to pay their fees in foreign currency, which makes it difficult for the majority to enrol in Jordanian universities.
Right to employment
Jordanian citizens, including those of Palestinian origin living in Jordan, have access to jobs in the public and private sectors. It is important to note here that political tensions between the Jordanian state and the Palestinians were exacerbated by what is known as the "Jordanization" policy implemented in the 1970s. This policy favoured Transjordanian recruitment in the public sector, forcing Palestinians to see employment and livelihood in the private sector, including banking and commerce. The holders of temporary passports are required to apply for a work permit to work in the private sector.
Ownership
Palestinians in Jordan have the right to own property. Only holders of temporary passports do not have this right. They are requested to have a local Jordanian partner in any property they own and to request the approval of a ministerial council.” (FMO, Februar 2004)
Ein Artikel des Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN) vom Juni 2006 konstatiert Unterschiede zwischen Palästinensern mit jordanischer Staatsbürgerschaft und jenen mit temporären Pässen hinsichtlich ihres Zugangs zu Arbeit im öffentlichen Sektor und zu Behandlung in staatlichen Krankenhäusern:
„Under the prevailing system, there are two types of Palestinian refugee resident in the country. The first type – which makes up the majority of refugees – were granted Jordanian nationality, allowing them to work in the public sector, join professional associations, receive medical care at public hospitals and study in government-run schools. The second kind – whose numbers do not exceed 50,000, according to UN figures – are those with temporary passports. These generally arrived in Jordan from the West Bank and Gaza following the 1967 Arab-Israel war. They are not permitted to work in the public sector or seek treatment in public hospitals.“ (IRIN, 19. Juni 2006)
Ein weiterer IRIN-Artikel vom Juni 2007 geht auf den Zugang von Palästinensern ohne jordanische Staatsbürgerschaft zu höherer Bildung sowie auf ihre Situation am Arbeitsmarkt ein:
“Jordan hosts about 1.8 million Palestinian refugees including some 130,000 people who fled from Gaza in 1967. These refugees, as opposed to most Palestinians in Jordan, are not citizens, and therefore face restrictions on access to higher education and jobs. "They are deprived of their basic rights. They have a very difficult time working in the private and public sectors, and mostly tend to work as unskilled labourers," says Oroub el-Abed, who has done extensive research on the refugees.” (IRIN, 20. Juni 2007)
Das Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB) erwähnt im August 2008 unter Berufung auf einen wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeiter (research associate) am Institut français du Proche-Orient (IFPO), dass es Unterschiede zwischen jordanischen Staatsbürgern und Palästinensern mit befristetem Pass/Reisedokument hinsichtlich ihrer Mobilität beziehungsweise erlaubten Aufenthaltsdauer in Jordanien gebe:
“Information on the treatment of persons whose permission to leave has expired was scarce among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate. However, a research associate at the Institut français du Proche-Orient (IFPO), a Damascus-based French government research institute with expertise in the Middle East (IFPO 5 Apr. 2006), stated that individuals from the West Bank who overstay their residency in Jordan are required to pay a penalty for each day of illegal residency when exiting Jordan (Research Associate 1 July 2008).
With respect to distinctions made between citizens of Jordan, stateless Palestinians from the Occupied Territories and stateless Palestinians who reside in Jordan under United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) registration, the Research Associate stated that there is a distinction made between Jordanian citizens and those individuals who hold temporary passports or travel documents (1 July 2008). The Research Associate stated that Jordanian citizens have full mobility rights while individuals who hold temporary passports and travel documents are only allowed to remain in Jordan for specific durations such as one month (ibid.). Examples of individuals with temporary passports and travel documents are holders of a green card (West Bankers) and individuals who are from Gaza and require a permit from a guarantor to enter Jordan (Research Associate 1 July 2008).” (IRB, 5. August 2008)
In den ACCORD derzeit zur Verfügung stehenden Quellen konnten im Rahmen der zeitlich begrenzten Recherche keine weiteren Informationen zur rechtlichen und praktischen Lage staatenloser Palästinenser (im Vergleich zu jener von Palästinensern mit jordanischer Staatsbürgerschaft) gefunden werden.
 
Diese Informationen beruhen auf einer zeitlich begrenzten Recherche in öffentlich zugänglichen Dokumenten, die ACCORD derzeit zur Verfügung stehen. Diese Antwort stellt keine Meinung zum Inhalt eines bestimmten Ansuchens um Asyl oder anderen internationalen Schutz dar. Wir empfehlen, die verwendeten Materialien zur Gänze durchzusehen.
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