28.05.2008 - Source: Amnesty International

Cases of corruption on high political level were reported ("Annual Report 2008") [ID 24119]

"The first female speaker of the House of Representatives was elected, but she was forced to resign in October after a corruption scandal. Seven former state Governors were prosecuted for alleged corrupt practices."

Document(s): Open document

16.05.2008 - Source: BBC News

Farida Waziri, a former Assistant Inspector General of Police, appointed as new head of the anti-graft agency called Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC). ("Nigeria names new graft tsar") [ID 23265]

Document(s): Open document

11.03.2008 - Source: US Department of State

National Human Rights Commission not empowered to act in response to complaints on police corruption ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2007") [ID 19618]

"Although citizens could report incidents of police corruption to the National Human Rights Commission, this agency was not empowered to act in response to such complaints."

Document(s): Open document

11.03.2008 - Source: US Department of State

Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) arrested government officials on corruption charges; according to critics some arrests were politically motivated ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2007") [ID 19653]

"The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) arrested and detained numerous government officials on corruption charges during the year. Critics charged that some arrests were politically motivated and that periods of investigative detention at times exceeded those allowed under the law."

Document(s): Open document

11.03.2008 - Source: US Department of State

Corruption widespread ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2007") [ID 19884]

"Corruption was massive, widespread, and pervasive, at all levels of the government and society. The constitution provides immunity from civil and criminal prosecution to the president, vice president, governors, and deputy governors."

Document(s): Open document

11.03.2008 - Source: US Department of State

Police corruption rampant, mostly in form of bribes at highway checkpoints ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2007") [ID 22794]

"Corruption was rampant, most often taking the form of bribes at highway checkpoints. Police routinely stopped drivers who had committed no traffic infraction, refusing to allow a car to continue until the driver agreed to pay a bribe. On November 16, IGP Okiro dismissed nine police officers for alleged extortion and mounting of illegal road blocks in Lagos."

Document(s): Open document

11.03.2008 - Source: US Department of State

Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) ran a strong anticorruption campaign in 2007 ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2007") [ID 23730]

"The EFCC continued a strong anticorruption campaign during the year, arresting a number of federal, state, and local officials and seizing millions of dollars in assets. Some observers lauded the commission's actions as a centerpiece of the Obasanjo administration's war on corruption, but critics claimed that some EFCC investigations were politically motivated, singling out political opponents of the administration, and that the EFCC did not always follow proper criminal procedure. During the year the EFCC brought or threatened criminal charges against several persons intending to run as presidential candidates."

Document(s): Open document

11.03.2008 - Source: US Department of State

In July 2007 4 former governors were arrested for laundering money ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2007") [ID 23732]

"On July 13, the EFCC arrested and charged four former governors‑-Chief Orji Kalu of Abia State, Saminu Turaki of Jigawa State, Reverend Jolly Nyame of Taraba State, and Joshua Dariye of Plateau State--at Kuje Medium Security Prison in Abuja with laundering money totaling almost $400 million (50 billion naira). On August 13, the Federal High Court granted Turaki bail, and he was released."

Document(s): Open document

11.03.2008 - Source: US Department of State

About 200 convicted drug offenders escaped from prison by bribing hospital officials to forge death certificates ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2007") [ID 23733]

"Complicit prison and hospital officials reportedly forged death certificates for convicted drug offenders to aid their escape from prison. In the 18-month period between January 2005 and August 2006, approximately 200 convicted drug offenders escaped in this manner. In some cases drug offenders paid other persons to serve their prison sentences. Despite reports that in 2006 President Obasanjo ordered the attorney general to form a commission to further investigate these preliminary findings, there was no evidence that a committee was formed during the year."

Document(s): Open document

31.01.2008 - Source: Human Rights Watch

Corruption and mismanagement in Nigeria's political system showed in violence and fraud surrounding 2007 elections and results in poor health and education services ("World Report 2008") [ID 22215]

"The violence and fraud surrounding elections reflected entrenched patterns of corruption and human rights abuse that have long pervaded Nigeria’s political system. The country has earned well over US$223 billion in oil revenues since the end of military rule in 1999, but millions of Nigerians still lack access to basic health and education services because so much of the money has been lost to corruption and mismanagement. A process of electoral reform embarked upon in 2007 shows signs of promise but cannot succeed unless underlying patterns of impunity and criminality in the political system are addressed."

Document(s): Open document

09.01.2008 - Source: BBC News

Outgoing anti-corruption chief issues arrest warrant for ex-governor Lucky Igbinedion ("Nigeria graft boss strikes again") [ID 22632]

Document(s): Open document

01.01.2008 - Source: Human Rights Watch

Nuhu Ribadu, head of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), ordered to resign his office; Ribadu is pursuing investigations into the corrupt activities of powerful ruling party officials ("Firing of Anti-Corruption Chief Would Boost Abusive Politicians") [ID 22629]

Document(s): Open document

09.10.2007 - Source: Integrated Regional Information Network

Political leaders are so violent and corrupt that their conduct "more resembles criminal activity than democratic governance", says a report issued by Human Rights Watch ("Violence, corruption institutionalised - HRW report") [ID 21501]

Document(s): Open document

09.10.2007 - Source: Human Rights Watch

Politicians turn elected offices into vehicles for political violence and corruption, says Human Rights Watch and calls to end impunity of abusive politicians and for more transparency ("Politics mired in corruption and violence") [ID 21502]

Document(s): Press Release
Report

28.07.2007 - Source: BBC News

Former Nigerian governor released from jail, two days after being sentenced to two years for corruption ("Nigeria ex-governor freed early") [ID 21138]

Document(s): Open document

13.07.2007 - Source: BBC News

Two former Nigerian governors are charged in an Abuja court for alleged corruption and money laundering ("Nigerian ex-governors are charged") [ID 20960]

Document(s): Open document

11.07.2007 - Source: BBC News

According to anti-graft officials 2 Nigerian ex-governors accused of corruption have been arrested ("Two Nigeria ex-governors arrested") [ID 20959]

Document(s): Open document

12.06.2007 - Source: BBC News

Anti-graft agency gives 15 ex-governors until end of Friday to turn themselves in or face arrest ("Hostages released in Niger Delta") [ID 20949]

Document(s): Open document

06.2007 - Source: Freedom House

Nigeria was ranked 142 out of 163 countries surveyed in Transparency International’s 2006 Corruption Perceptions Index; government took steps to improve situation ("Freedom in the World 2007") [ID 20558]

"Corruption remains a serious problem, having bled Nigeria of many billions of dollars in oil revenue. Nigeria was ranked 142 out of 163 countries surveyed in Transparency International’s 2006 Corruption Perceptions Index. The government has taken steps to improve transparency and reduce corruption, including reforming procedures for contract procurements and bidding. In September 2006, a top official announced that authorities had convicted more than 1,000 people of economic crimes and recovered around $5 billion over the past two years."

Document(s): Open document

06.2007 - Source: Freedom House

Governors benefit from immunity from prosecution while in office; Economic and Financial Crimes Commission announced plans to investigate over a dozen governors for corruption after the 2007 elections, when many will have had to step down ("Freedom in the World 2007") [ID 20559]

"In December 2005, the governor of Bayelsa State, Diepreye Alamieyeseigha, was arrested in London after being impeached by the Bayelsa State Assembly and charged with corruption. Governors benefit from immunity from prosecution while in office, prompting state governments to begin impeachment proceedings against at least four governors on corruption grounds. At least two of those impeached remained underground and had evaded arrest at year’s end. In May 2006, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission announced plans to investigate over a dozen more governors for corruption after the 2007 elections, when many will have had to step down because of term limits. Vice President Abubakar was also charged with corruption-related offenses in 2006, though he was eventually acquitted and claimed the prosecution was politically motivated."

Document(s): Open document

30.05.2007 - Source: BBC News

4 former Nigerian governors accused of corruption disappear, after their terms of office expired ("Nigerian ex-governors on the run") [ID 20140]

Document(s): Open document

30.05.2007 - Source: BBC News

Four former Nigerian governors accused of corruption disappear, after their terms of office expired on Tuesday ("Nigerian ex-governors on the run") [ID 20946]

Document(s): Open document

27.05.2007 - Source: BBC News

Abia State: A Nigerian minister condemns the early handover of power between two men accused of corruption ("Nigeria state handover 'corrupt'") [ID 20943]

Document(s): Open document

06.03.2007 - Source: US Department of State

Abuja: Police routinely forced car drivers to pay bribes ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2006") [ID 19617]

"Corruption was rampant, most often taking the form of bribes at highway checkpoints. Police in Abuja routinely stopped drivers who had committed no traffic infraction. The police officers typically waved down the motorist or stepped in front of the car to compel the driver to stop. Police then entered the car and did not leave until the driver agreed to pay a bribe. Police often worked in groups and stepped in the middle of a slow moving traffic flow to stop several vehicles picked at random."

Document(s): Open document

06.03.2007 - Source: US Department of State

Lagos State: "Operation Keep Moving" is a directive under which police were not to impede traffic flow by extorting money ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2006") [ID 19619]

"In January Lagos State police chief Emmanuel Adebayo announced "Operation Keep Moving," a directive under which police were not to impede traffic flow by extorting money or making unnecessary demands of drivers. In early January five Lagos police officers were arrested for extorting money from motorists at checkpoints. Police did not release the names of those arrested, and it was not known whether they were being prosecuted."

Document(s): Open document

06.03.2007 - Source: US Department of State

Members of the National Assembly were reportedly offered bribes in return for their votes on an amendment allowing a third term for President Obasanjo ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2006") [ID 19886]

"During the spring debate over a constitutional amendment allowing a third term for President Obasanjo, many members of the National Assembly were offered bribes in return for their votes on the amendment. Credible reports indicated that at least some of the members accepted the payments."

Document(s): Open document

06.03.2007 - Source: US Department of State

31 governors were being investigated on suspicion of corruption; some believe certain cases were oplitically motivated ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2006") [ID 19887]

"At year's end 31 of the country's 36 governors had been or were being investigated, most on suspicion of corruption. Three governors were impeached during the year, although the Supreme Court later ruled that one governor should be returned to office because of procedural flaws in his impeachment. Although allegations of gubernatorial corruption were generally credible, some observers believed that persons were targeted for investigation for political reasons."

Document(s): Open document

28.02.2007 - Source: Guardian

Nigerian senators have accused the country's vice-president, Atiku Abubakar, of diverting more than $100m in public funds to private interests ("Nigerian vice-president faces corruption charges") [ID 18879]

Document(s): Open document

01.2007 - Source: Human Rights Watch

Graft remains rampant despite anti-corruption campaigns ("World Report 2007") [ID 18971]

"Despite limited advances made in the federal government’s “war on corruption,” graft remains rampant, particularly at the state and local levels, and is largely responsible for the government’s failure to meet its responsibility to provide for basic social and economic rights."

Document(s): Open document

09.2006 - Source: Freedom House

$460 million found in Swiss bank accounts linked to former president Abacha ("Freedom in the World 2006") [ID 18142]

"Officials in September said they had recovered nearly $460 million found in Swiss bank accounts linked to former president Abacha. Money linked to Abacha has been found in other countries as well."

Document(s): Open document

09.2006 - Source: Freedom House

Corruption and impunity remain problems ("Freedom in the World 2006") [ID 18151]

"Corruption and impunity remain problems, with corruption having bled Nigeria of billions of dollars in oil revenue. The government has taken steps to improve transparency and reduce corruption, including reforming procedures for contract procurements and bidding, and several high-profile cases emerged in 2005. Former Senate president Adolphus Wabara was sacked and charged with corruption, and Education Minister Fabian Osuji was fired for allegedly bribing Wabara and six other lawmakers to smooth passage of his annual budget. After discovering that top officials were to have been among the beneficiaries, Obasanjo fired his housing minister for allegedly trying to sell off more than 200 government houses at cut-rate prices. Police Chief Tafawa Balogun suddenly resigned as inspector general of police in January and was later arrested and charged with graft and money laundering. Nevertheless, government critics note that no top official has actually been convicted and jailed for corruption since Obasanjo was elected president. The Senate in June 2005 refused to ban the acceptance of "gifts" in its new code of ethics; senators said that bribery was already illegal and accepting gifts was part of Nigerian culture. Nigeria was ranked 152 out of 159 countries surveyed in Transparency International's 2005 Corruption Perceptions Index."

Document(s): Open document

07.2006 - Source: Freedom House

President unable or unwilling to address corruption successfully ("Countries at the Crossroads 2006") [ID 18277]

"To his credit, President Obasanjo has kept the military loyal under civilian control and has undertaken a number of key macroeconomic reforms-including some privatization and paying down the nation's exorbitant foreign debts-that have fostered moderate GDP growth. He has also set up anticorruption machinery at the federal level. Yet the president has been unable or unwilling to attack the heart of the corruption empires of Nigeria's godfathers through the government-controlled oil industry, their monopolization and exploitation of government contracts, or their subversion of the nation's electoral system. Indeed, the president has shown a growing willingness to play their game. He appears inclined to build such a network himself to ensure his tenure beyond his constitutionally limited second term, which ends in 2007. While politicians wrestle endlessly for control, most Nigerians suffer from declining health, poor education, and a lack of employment standards. In fact, the British government has declared that "Nigeria has some of the worst social indicators in the world.""

Document(s): Open document

07.2006 - Source: Freedom House

Independent and Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) and Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) investigate and prosecute public corruption ("Countries at the Crossroads 2006") [ID 18424]

"President Obasanjo has made anticorruption a central priority for his administration. In 2000 he established the Independent and Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC), which has sweeping powers to investigate and prosecute public corruption. The ICPC, however, has made only a handful of arrests of prominent individuals, primarily in connection with a bribery case involving several state high court justices.25 Consequently, the president in 2003 created a second anticorruption commission, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), which was originally tasked with tracking down the many "419" or financial fraud networks and other scams that had become Nigeria's fifth-largest foreign exchange earners by 2004. The EFCC soon gained tremendous credibility with the public, such that it was tasked with a wider array of anticorruption responsibilities. In early 2005, the EFCC even arrested the inspector general of police for stealing public funds and leveled charges against two governors. The education minister and the Senate president were also forced to resign in mid-2005 over corruption allegations-raised by the president himself on national television-although neither individual has so far been prosecuted."

Document(s): Open document

07.2006 - Source: Freedom House

British government accused 2 Nigerian governors of money laundering in 2005; one of them was jailed in London ("Countries at the Crossroads 2006") [ID 18434]

"Federal government contracts are routinely inflated to provide kickbacks for officeholders, and contractors frequently provide substandard or nonexistent services. State and local-level corruption has been far more brazen. The British government in 2005 accused two Nigerian governors of money laundering, jailing one of them while in London for surgery (yet who somehow managed to escape Britain while on bail). The EFCC investigated both cases and arrested one governor after he was impeached. Details of many of the 36 governors' foreign assets have begun to circulate in the media, including lavish properties in Britain and the United States."

Document(s): Open document

07.2006 - Source: Freedom House

According to media reports politicians own companies that receive preferential treatment ("Countries at the Crossroads 2006") [ID 18436]

"Nigerian media reports allege that powerful politicians own an array of front companies, particularly in the oil industry, that receive preferential treatment in access to buying and selling control of oil prospecting zones and other profitable enterprises. Moreover, roughly 10 percent of Nigeria's oil is being bunkered-stolen from pipes by rogue militias and criminal gangs in the Niger Delta region and resold on the black market. Many observers of Nigerian politics, Human Rights Watch among them, indicate that these bunkering empires have connections to some of the nation's most powerful figures, as well as allies within the military and oil corporations themselves.28 Such grand corruption filters down throughout the system, such that Nigeria stood as the sixth most corrupt nation in the world on Transparency International's 2005 Corruption Perceptions Index."

Document(s): Open document

07.2006 - Source: Freedom House

Public officeholders not required to retire from corporate positions; despite conflicts of interest their businesses contract with government ("Countries at the Crossroads 2006") [ID 18437]

"Officeholders are required to submit declarations of assets to the Code of Conduct Bureau, but these declarations are not made public. The bureau, which has a wide mandate to probe the ethics of public officers, has been largely dormant. Moreover, public officeholders are not required to retire from their corporate positions, and their businesses regularly contract with the government despite the obvious conflicts of interest. The president himself remains owner of Obasanjo Farms, which has done business with the government and for which he reported $250,000 in monthly earnings in 2004."

Document(s): Open document

07.2006 - Source: Freedom House

Transparency mechanisms of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) restrained ("Countries at the Crossroads 2006") [ID 18439]

"Worryingly, some of the gains made in building anticorruption machinery were in danger of politicization by late 2005. The EFCC in particular was showing a disturbing tendency to investigate prominent political figures who were opponents of the president. Other important transparency mechanisms have been restrained: The auditor general's office has been largely quiet since early 2003 when the auditor general was removed after he released a report decrying fiscal irregularities at all three tiers of government. Private accounting practices, for their part, also remain problematic."

Document(s): Open document

08.03.2006 - Source: US Department of State

Inspector-General of Police, Tafa Balogun, fired for corruption ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2005") [#46036],  [ID 15665]

"In January following the firing of Inspector-General of Police Tafa Balogun for corruption, Acting Inspector-General Sunday Ehindero disbanded the Federal anticrime taskforce known as "Operation Fire for Fire," which was responsible for numerous human rights abuses in previous years. Unlike in the previous year, the organization did not announce its killing statistics; however, observers noted no difference in the number of extrajudicial killings committed by police and anticrime taskforce personnel during the year. In most cases police officers were not held accountable for excessive or deadly force or for the deaths of persons in custody. Police generally operated with impunity in the apprehension, illegal detention, and sometimes execution of criminal suspects (see section 1.d.)."

Document(s): Open document

08.03.2006 - Source: US Department of State

Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) embarked strong anticorruption campaign ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2005") [#46036],  [ID 17075]

"The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) embarked on a strong anticorruption campaign during the year, arresting a number of federal, state, and local officials and seizing millions of dollars in assets. Some observers lauded the commission's actions as a centerpiece of the Obasanjo administration's war on corruption, but critics claimed that some EFCC investigations were politically motivated, singling out political opponents of the administration, and that the EFCC did not always follow proper criminal procedure."

Document(s): Open document

08.03.2006 - Source: US Department of State

Corruption widespread and pervasive at all levels of the government and society ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2005") [#46036],  [ID 17292]

"Corruption was massive, widespread, and pervasive, at all levels of the government and society (see section 1.e.). On February 17, Representative Haruna Yerima of Borno State claimed publicly that many of his national assembly colleagues engaged in corrupt practices. Yerima claimed that some members extorted money from government ministers and heads of parastatals to get their budgets passed, and accused all members of accepting free phone cards each month worth $56 (7,500 naira) from a prominent mobile phone provider. The House of Representatives suspended Yerima for one month for speaking out against his colleagues. The other representatives continued to receive free phone cards. In February the Kwara State Assembly suspended two LGA council treasurers and disciplined two council chairmen for failing to account for state funds and for impeding an audit of council expenses. It also asked another LGA chairman to repay half of the $22,500 (3.08 million naira) spent on a ceremony to mark his first 100 days in office. On May 31, the Senate approved a code of ethics but expunged a rule from the draft code stating that senators and their staff shall not accept money or any gift meant for inducement in the course of performance of their official duties. Several senators commented that the practice of gift-giving is "enshrined in Nigerian culture." On May 31, assistant superintendent of police at Force Headquarters in Abuja, Marius Ameh, was arrested and charged with receiving a $75 (10 thousand naira) bribe to release a detainee on bail. Ameh was also charged with pocketing the $38 (5 thousand naira) bail money. During the year the EFCC arrested or detained numerous public servants at the state government level for embezzlement. For example on the weekend of June 4-5, the EFCC arrested 27 Bauchi State government employees for their role in embezzling $2.1 million (281 million naira) of state government funds. On June 7, seven more persons were arrested. Also on the weekend of June 4-5, the EFCC arrested five Kebbi State government employees, including the state commissioner for agriculture, for embezzling up to $22 million (3 billion naira) of state government funds through schemes involving fake vouchers and the private sale of state bonds. In September Bayelsa State Governor Diepreye Alamieyeseigha was arrested in the United Kingdom (UK) and charged with money laundering. Alamieyeseigha jumped bail and returned to the country on November 21. On November 8, the governor's wife, Margaret Alamieyeseigha, was also arrested in London on money laundering charges and was released on bail pending her court date in the United Kingdom. The Bayelsa State House of Assembly impeached Alamieyeseigha and removed him from office. Alamieyeseigha appeared in a Nigerian court on December 20-22 for pretrial motions. Neither his trial in Nigeria nor his wife's in the UK had begun by year's end. The 2003 prosecution of the former labor minister and other senior government officials on corruption charges had not been completed by year's end."

Document(s): Open document

08.2004 - Source: Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation

Corruption ("Nigeria - Länderbericht") [#28135],  [ID 15313]

"Korruption ist im ganzen Land endemisch. Seit Jahren findet sich Nigeria auf einem der letzten Plätze des Corruption Perceptions Index’ von Transparency International. Im aktuellen Index nimmt Nigeria den vorletzten Rang (132) ein (TI 2003). Entsprechend hohe Korruptionsraten verzeichnet man im Umgang mit der Polizei, auch nach 4 Amtsjahren von Olusegun Obasanjo, einem Gründungsmitglied von Transparency International (Obasanjo 2003), und obgleich er dies als eines seiner Hauptanliegen bei Amtsantritt formuliert hatte (BBC 22. Juli 2004).

Obasanjo richtete im Juni 2000 die Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission ein, die sich der Korruption annehmen sollte. Der Vorsitzende dieser Kommission, Justice Mustapha Akanbi,
beklagt in einem Artikel der BBC jedoch die unzureichende Ausstattung der Kommission angesichts der Flut von Beschwerden (BBC 22. Juli 2004).

Das 2000 erlassene Anti-Korruptionsgesetz wurde im Frühjahr 2003 verschärft, da Kritiker den Vorwurf erhoben hatten, es wäre bislang zu keiner Anklage gegen hochgestellte Beamte gekommen (NYT 01. März
2003).

Im April 2002 setzte der Inspector General Balogun die Anti-Corruption Squad ein, um die Korruption im Polizeiapparat einzudämmen. Diese Anti-Korruptionseinheit, welche einen anfänglichen Personalbestand von 555 Mann aufwies, hat die Aufgabe, gegen Polizeibeamte, welche zur persönlichen Bereicherung die Ethik ihres Berufs verletzt haben, vorzugehen (AI Dezember 2002, S. 3; IRIN 26. April 2004). Allein von April bis Mai (21. Mai) 2002 sollen insgesamt 380 Beamten von der Anti-Korruptionseinheit verhaftet worden sein (AllAfrica.com/P.M. News 21. Mai 2002). Im August 2004 werden 900 Polizeibeamte entlassen, denen
Korruption vorgeworfen wird (AllAfrica.com/Vanguard 04. August 2004)."

Document(s): Open document

22.04.2004 - Source: Integrated Regional Information Network

5 judges sacked for accepting bribes to influence the decisions of a Nigerian election tribunal ("Five sacked judges face corruption charges") [#21590],  [ID 15314]

Document(s): Open document

23.01.2004 - Source: Washington Post

3 former Nigerian Cabinet ministers and 2 other former government officials face charges of accepting bribes ("Corruption Continues Spreading in Nigeria") [#18932],  [ID 15317]

Document(s): Open document

30.12.2003 - Source: Integrated Regional Information Network

3 former ministers in President Olusegun Obasanjo's government were among 5 top officials charged with bribery and corruption ("Three former ministers charged with corruption") [#18385],  [ID 15315]

Document(s): Open document

05.12.2003 - Source: Integrated Regional Information Network

Labour Minister, Hussaini Akwanga, fired over corruption allegations ("Labour Minister sacked in corruption scandal") [#17990],  [ID 15316]

Document(s): Open document