11.03.2008 - Source: US Department of State

Bakassi Boys keep holding detainees in informal detention centers; detainees died during the year ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2007") [ID 22786]

"Vigilante groups such as the Bakassi Boys, which continued to exist despite reports that it had been disbanded by the federal government, held detainees in informal detention centers, and detainees died during the year."

Document(s): Open document

06.03.2007 - Source: US Department of State

Bakassi Boys sometimes detain and kill suspected criminals rather than turn them over to police ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2006") [ID 19471]

"In Anambra, Abia, Imo, and Ebonyi in the southeast, state governments provided funding to vigilante groups, the most well-known of which was the "Bakassi Boys," officially known as the Anambra State Vigilante Service. Like most vigilante groups, the Bakassi Boys sometimes detained and killed suspected criminals rather than turn them over to police. On June 30, Attorney General Bayo Ojo pledged to seek justice for the families of 32 persons who died in August 2005 while being detained by the Bakassi Boys, but no arrests were known to have been made."

Document(s): Open document

08.03.2006 - Source: US Department of State

32 persons died while being held by the Bakassi Boys ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2005") [#46036],  [ID 15683]

"In most southeastern states, state governments supported vigilante groups, the most well-known of which was the "Bakassi Boys," officially known as the Anambra State Vigilante Service. Like most vigilante groups, the Bakassi Boys sometimes killed suspected criminals rather than turn them over to police.For example on August 6, 32 persons died while being held by the Bakassi Boys. The captors subsequently fled, abandoning 62 other detainees. The detainees had been incarcerated as "armed robbers" and kept in a windowless, poorly ventilated shop for days. Riots erupted when police discovered the dead bodies."

Document(s): Open document

10.2005 - Source: UK Border Agency (Home Office)

Country report of October 2005 ("Country Report - October 2005") [#39647],  [ID 14633]

"The Bakassi Boys are named after the Bakassi Peninsula, an area disputed between Cameroon and Nigeria. The term is commonly applied to various vigilante groups operating mainly in Abia, Anambra and Imo states. These groups were originally created by groups of traders and other citizens to curb the upsurge in violent crime and armed robberies in their respective states.

The extreme popularity of the so called Bakassi Boys at their inception is also related to their campaign to rid society of crime, but it also has a connotation of traditional cults; it is widely believed among the population in the area that these groups have extraordinary power and their members are bullet-proof by magic and virtually immortal.

The Bakassi Boys of Anambra, Abia and Imo States are accused of carrying out extrajudicial executions, perpetrating acts of torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment of alleged criminals and illegal detention with the endorsement of the state governments and the State of Assembly of their respective states."

Document(s): Open document

08.2004 - Source: Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation

Nigeria: Country Report 2004 ("Nigeria - Länderbericht") [#28135],  [ID 14634]

"Die Bakassi Boys waren im Südosten Nigerias als Verbrechensbekämpfungskräfte aktiv. Mit Unterstützung
einiger Gliedstaatengouverneur und offenbarer Duldung der Polizei verringerte sich die Kriminalität in ihrem Wirkungsbereich merklich, wodurch sie große Sympathie in der Bevölkerung genossen. Später offenbarten sich ihre Aktionen immer häufiger als teilweise unmenschliche Willkürjustiz, wodurch sie die
breite Unterstützung verloren. Im Jahr 2002 gingen die Regierung und die Polizei gegen die Bakassi Boys vor; heute gelten diese als zerschlagen."

Document(s): Open document

28.05.2003 - Source: Amnesty International

Vigilante groups in the south of Nigeria commit killings, torture and ill-treatment with tolerance or recognition by states governments. ("Annual Report 2003") [#13067],  [ID 14635]

"Armed vigilante groups, especially in the south and southeast, were responsible for killings; acts of torture; cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment; unlawful detention; and "disappearances" of alleged criminals. Some of the groups were tacitly or officially endorsed by state governments to conduct law enforcement functions."

Document(s): Open document
Open document

28.02.2003 - Source: Human Rights Watch

Vigilante violence and human rights abuses by vigilante groups have become increasingly serious problems in Nigeria in recent years ("The O'odua people's congress: Fighting violence with violence") [#11082],  [ID 14636]

"Vigilante violence and human rights abuses by vigilante groups have become increasingly serious problems in Nigeria in recent years. Despite repeated government promises to tackle crime and to reform and expand the police force, the rate of armed robbery and other violent crime in Nigeria remains extremely high. The public maintains a profound distrust of the police, who are seen as ineffective, corrupt and often complicit in crime. In various parts of the country, especially in the large cities, people have felt so frustrated and powerless in the face of the inability of the police to ensure security that they have taken the law into their own hands and formed vigilante groups. In some states, these vigilante groups have been officially endorsed by state governments, and have been used not only to fight crime, but also to target political opponents. They have been responsible for serious human rights abuses, including scores of summary executions, torture, and arbitrary detentions for extended periods."

Document(s): Open document

14.01.2003 - Source: Human Rights Watch

Abia and Anambra states: Report on human rights violations of Bakassi Boys ("World report 2003") [#10277],  [ID 14637]

"The vigilante group known as the Bakassi Boys, supported by both the Anambra and Abia state governments in the southeast, continued to carry out serious human rights abuses, including extrajudicial killings, torture, and unlawful detention of alleged criminals. These were documented in a detailed report by Human Rights Watch and the Lagos-based Centre for Law Enforcement Education (CLEEN), launched in Lagos in May. In August, the police raided several of the Bakassi Boys' detention centers in Abia State and released scores of people held there illegally. In September, a similar police operation took place in Anambra State, resulting in scores of arrests of the Bakassi Boys. Many of those detained by the Bakassi Boys, and released by the police, had suffered horrific torture and mutilation."

Document(s): Open document

19.12.2002 - Source: Amnesty International

The poor performance of the Nigerian police facilitated the creation of armed vigilante groups at local and state level ("Nigeria: Security forces in Nigeria: Serving to protect and respect human rights?") [#10009],  [ID 14638]

Document(s): Open document

10.10.2002 - Source: Human Rights Watch

Abia and Anambra states: Police action against Bakassi Boys; release of people unlawfully detained and tortured by them ("Nigeria’s Action on Bakassi Boys Welcomed") [#9016],  [ID 14639]

"In the past few weeks, police operations were launched in several locations in Abia state, in August, and in Anambra state, in September, resulting in the arrests of scores of Bakassi Boys and the release of people detained unlawfully by the Bakassi Boys. Many of the detainees had been subjected to horrific torture and mutilation."

Document(s): Open document

10.10.2002 - Source: Integrated Regional Information Network

Governor in Abia promises restoration of Bakassi Boys in the state [ID 14640]

"Governor Orji Kalu of Nigeria’s southeastern Abia State on Wednesday vowed to revive a controversial vigilante group, the Bakassi Boys, which has operated in the region in the past two years but was recently disbanded by the federal government.
State-owned Radio Nigeria reported the governor as saying the passage by the state legislature of an enabling law creating the group indicated their operations had popular support.
"Nobody has the power - unless they want to cause problems - to stop us from having the vigilante services," Kalu said on the radio.
He said when reconstituted in the state, the Bakassi Boys would not engage in extra-judicial killings and would cooperate with the police authorities."

Document(s): Open document

06.10.2002 - Source: New York Times

Bakassi Boys supported in response to huge crime rates ("Nigerian Militias Wield Power Through Intimidation") [#8870],  [ID 15309]

"In the main market on a recent afternoon, a car carrying Bakassi Boys bulldozed through crowds, its siren screaming. Three men leaned out the windows, holding shotguns.
The Boys have been credited with reducing crime by killing criminals and leaving their headless bodies on the streets as warnings. Since they were formed three years ago, they have summarily executed more than 1,000 people in Anambra, according to Amnesty International.
Before their rise, in the vacuum created by the end of the military government, crime was rising uncontrollably.
"Everyone felt insecure," said Emmanuel Paul, 31, a tailor with a shop near the junction where the Igwes were killed. "Robbers were everywhere. They were killing people anyhow."
The same way that Muslim northerners in Nigeria have supported the harsh punishments meted out by Islamic law, here in Onitsha, the center of Roman Catholicism in Nigeria, ordinary people have backed the instant justice of the Bakassi Boys.
"You know, in this Nigeria, bribery is too much," said Collins Nnemeka, 26, an auto mechanic. "The police used to catch the criminals. But the next day, you see the same criminals on the streets. The criminals were the most powerful group before the Bakassi.""

Document(s): Open document
ngr.htm

03.10.2002 - Source: International Press Institute

Methods and crimes of Anambra vigilantes [ID 14641]

"The Bakassi Boys -- who are believed to be 5,000 in Anambra State -- use voodoo and unorthodox means in ''detecting'' suspected criminals before chopping them with machetes. No trial is required.
Hundreds of perceived criminals have met their death in the hands of the vigilante. Prominent persons in the state also have been harassed.
On two occasions, leaders of the Bakassi Boys, Gilbert Okoye and Emeka Udegbunam were detained in Lagos and Abuja over the activities of the group. Okoye was arrested last year after the murder of Godwin Okonkwo, a local official of the All Peoples Party (APP), in Feb 2001.
Udegbunam, who was briefly detained in 2000, insists all victims of the Bakassi Boys have been on the wrong side of the law. ''If anybody comes complaining that there is anybody killed by the group who is not a criminal, I should be held responsible,'' he says.
Ifeanyi Ibegbu, an opposition leader in Anambra State Assembly, was arrested and tortured in Aug 2000 for allegedly harbouring suspected armed robbers. He was later cleared by the House, which ordered Anambra State government to compensate him."

Document(s): Open document

30.09.2002 - Source: Integrated Regional Information Network

Anambra state: Vigilantes arrested, their hostages released [ID 14642]

"More than 100 members of a vigilante group operating in Nigeria's southeastern Anambra State have been arrested and about 45 of their hostages freed, the police reported on Sunday.
The police had launched operations in several towns in Anambra to shut down the operations of the group known as the Bakassi Boys, which has the backing of the state government, according to a statement by police spokesman Chris Olakpe.
"The (police) team disarmed and arrested all members present and rescued hostages, who had various degrees of injuries caused by prolonged torture and neglect," Olakpe said."

Document(s): Open document

19.09.2002 - Source: Human Rights Watch

Anambra state: Government critics killed and threatened, Bakassi Boys are accused ("Nigeria: Government Critics at Risk After Political Killings") [#8634],  [ID 14643]

"Critics of the Anambra state government in southeastern Nigeria have been receiving death threats following the assassination of Barnabas Igwe and his wife on September 1, 2002, Human Rights Watch said today.
Igwe, chairman of the Onitsha branch of the National Bar Association (NBA), had been an outspoken critic of Anambra state Governor Chinwoke Mbadinuju. Close colleagues who had also criticized the governor have faced threats and intimidation before and since his assassination.
“There is strong, credible evidence that Igwe and his wife were targeted for political reasons – because of Igwe’s and the NBA’s public criticism of the Anambra state government’s performance,” said Peter Takirambudde, executive director of the Africa Division of Human Rights Watch. “Their deaths highlight the risks faced by other critics of the government.”"

Document(s): Open document

19.09.2002 - Source: Human Rights Watch

Anambra state: AVS implicated in several political killings ("Nigeria: Government Critics at Risk After Political Killings") [#8634],  [ID 14644]

"This is not the first time that opponents of the Anambra state government have been targeted. In a report published in May 2002, Human Rights Watch and the Lagos-based Centre for Law Enforcement Education documented several other cases of politically motivated killings, arrests and torture by the Bakassi Boys, a vigilante group used by the Anambra state government to intimidate its opponents. Among those targeted for their perceived opposition to the state government were Prophet Eddie Okeke, killed in November 2000; Chief Ezeodumegwu G. Okonkwo, a local government chairman killed in February 2001; and Ifeanyi Ibegbu, minority leader of the Anambra State House of Assembly, detained and tortured by the Bakassi Boys in August 2000. No one has been prosecuted in these cases."

Document(s): Open document

29.08.2002 - Source: All Africa

Traditional ruler calls for forum on security issues and release of detained Bakassi Boys [ID 14645]

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"Chairman, Abia State Council of Traditional Rulers, Eze Ezo Ukandu has condemned the face-off between the Police and Abia Vigilante group, also known as Bakassi Boys who he said are supposed to play complementary roles.

Ukandu said that while the Vigilante group might have overstepped its bounds in the recent encounter with the police, they had done a lot to check crime in the state.
[...]

Ukandu who called for greater cooperation between the police and traditional rulers especially on areas of crime detection and prevention blamed the crisis on communication breakdown between the police and the royal fathers in the state and country generally.

He, therefore, requested that the police should fashion out a forum where information on security matters could be exchanged with the traditional rulers. He also called for improvement of the Police Force in areas of training, equipment, social welfare and funding, noting that lack of these things could be traced to the inability of the Force to effectively police the country. The traditional ruler also called for the immediate release of all those held in connection with the crisis so that lasting peace could be achieved."

Document(s): Open document

08.08.2002 - Source: Integrated Regional Information Network

Police closes detention centers run by Bakassi Boys in Abia State ; illegally detained people set free, members of the group arrested ("NIGERIA: Police clamp down on vigilante group") [#8241],  [ID 14646]

Police closes 5 detention centers run by Bakassi Boys in Abia State ; 46 illegally detained people, including eight women, set free and 33 members of the group arrested; one person dead and 11 injured in a shoot-out

"Police in southeastern Nigeria’s Abia State have clamped down on a vigilante group backed by the state government but accused of extra-judicial killings, police officials said on Wednesday.
The national police spokesman, Haz Iwendi, told reporters in the capital, Abuja, that five detention centers run by the group, known as Bakassi Boys, in different parts of the state were closed down. He said 46 illegally detained people, including eight women, were set free and 33 members of the group arrested.
Iwendi said one person died and 11 policemen were injured in a shootout between policemen and the Bakassi Boys. Also recovered from the group, he said, were 12 locally made single- and double-barrelled shotguns and pistols, one pump-action rifle, 68 rounds of live cartridges, 141 expended cartridges and seven swords.
The Bakassi Boys group was formed by traders in Aba, the main trading town in Abia State, in 1999 to combat violent crime that appeared to have gone out of police control. Despite allegations of extra-judicial execution of suspected criminals, they received the support of the state governor, Orji Uzor Kalu."

Document(s): Open document

24.06.2002 - Source: Integrated Regional Information Network

Ebonyi State is the fourth south-eastern federal state to officially introduce the Bakassi Boys ("Southeastern state forms vigilante body") [#7682],  [ID 14647]

Document(s): Open document

01.06.2002 - Source: All Africa

Governor Kalu of Abia State threatens to summon Abia Police boss over arrest of Bakassi Boys [ID 14648]

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"Governor Orji Uzor Kalu of Abia State has threatened to summon the state Commissioner of Police, Mr. Olusegun Efuntayo to explain his reasons for arresting a member of the state vigilante group, alias Bakassi Boys, and dubbing him an armed robber. Addressing newsmen in Umuahia, Kalu said that he would not tolerate any undue harassment of the vigilante outfit by somebody apparently sent down to executive a prepared scripts. His reaction came on the heel of the arrest of a member of the group by the police for alleged robbery. His words: "No law can stop us from having the vigilante group in Abia. Even if the National Assembly passes the law, it is not going to work in Abia. I have the mandate of the people to govern this state and anybody posted here who does not cooperate with the people will be asked to get out. (…) According to the governor, Abia is a part of the federating unit of Nigeria with its own powers and warned that "the people would demonstrate should the police continue to harass members of the vigilante group for no just cause. Apparently due to the face-off between the police and Bakassi Boys in Abia state, the group has threatened to leave Umuahia, the state capital."

Document(s): Open document

30.05.2002 - Source: All Africa

Clashes between police and Bakassi Boys in Abia State [ID 14649]

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"AN exchange of fire between the police and members of the Abia state vigilante group, alias Bakassi, over an attempt by the Bakassi to commandeer a vehicle at Ohafia has left three people, including an Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP), seriously wounded. Although the Abia state commissioner of police, Mr Olusegun Efuntayo, told newsmen that the Bakassi boys were on a robbery mission, a member of the vigilante group now in police detention said they were in Ohafia to recover a missing vehicle. But the Bakassi leader, Chigozie denied being a robber, claiming that they were in Ohafia on an official duty. According to him, the leader of Bakassi in Umuahia, Mr Kennedy Atasie, had detailed them to Ohafia to recover a vehicle belonging to a member of the vigilante group which was abandoned there. (…) He said they had only matchets and were going back to Umuahia after recovering the vehicle when some policemen in a jeep overtook them, fired at their tyres and surrounded them, stressing that all their pleas that they were members of Bakassi were ignored, "we even presented our ID cards but they kept firing indiscriminately," he added. Chigozie said that they were surprised that the police had suddenly turned against them. He said that it was because they (police) refused to listen to them that made his colleagues and himself to run into the bush for fear of being killed."

Document(s): Open document

29.05.2002 - Source: All Africa

With the introduction of the Bakassi Boys,lives and property in the state are now better secured [ID 14650]

To access this article, you need to subscribe to allAfrica.com

"It is to his [governor of Abia State, Orji Uzor Kalu] credit that the Bakassi Boys, a vigilante outfit, was created - and more because he has not been found to be attempting to transmute the group into a terror machine for political ends. In the area of development, the popular Ariaria International Market, which had been neglected for so long received immediate attention from the governor. With the introduction of the Bakassi Boys, lives and property in the state are now better secured."

Document(s): Open document

05.2002 - Source: Human Rights Watch

Vigilantism and the role of state governments ("The Bakassi Boys: The Legitimization of Murder and Torture") [#6968],  [ID 14651]

"In all three states where they currently operate– Abia, Anambra, and Imo–the Bakassi Boys have enjoyed the support of their state government, who have provided them with offices, uniforms and vehicles, as well as paying their salaries. Their offices and vehicles bear the names, or initials, of the vigilante groups, their inscriptions and sometimes their mottos, making them easily recognizable.
Some vigilante leaders have tried to deny their close links with the government. For example, when Human Rights Watch and CLEEN met Camillus Ebekue, the chairman of the Anambra Vigilante Services, he stated bluntly “there are no AVS in government house,” even though we were meeting him in government house and the AVS have a clearly-marked office in the government compound in Awka, the capital of Anambra State.21 Others have been more candid. The chairman of the Abia Vigilante Services, Onwuchekwa Ulu, told journalists who asked him about their relationship with the Abia State government: “We have a cordial relationship. It is just like a father and son business […] We have a very good relationship with the governor. […] We always obey him because he who pays the piper dictates the tune. He pays us and we always try to obey him.”22"

Document(s): Open document

05.2002 - Source: Human Rights Watch

Intimidation and elimination of perceived political opponents of state governors by Bakassi Boys ("The Bakassi Boys: The Legitimization of Murder and Torture") [#6968],  [ID 14652]

"Deviating from their original crimefighting “mission,” the Bakassi Boys have been called in to settle personal scores between individuals and to intimidate and attempt to eliminate perceived political opponents of state governors. They have murdered and tortured with impunity, under the protection of state authorities. In Anambra State, in particular, they have carried out grave human rights abuses with the active support of the state government and individuals close to the government, some of whom are alleged to have been personally involved in cases of unlawful detention, torture, and killing. In several cases documented by Human Rights Watch and CLEEN, there was close and regular communication between vigilante leaders and Anambra State government officials, and evidence that the Bakassi Boys took their instructions directly from the state government. In one case, for example, the Bakassi Boys forced their way into the house of a man they abducted and later killed, announcing: “We are Bakassi Boys. It’s a government order.” In another, a man who was abducted by the Bakassi Boys was told by one of them: “The government wants you to die.” In some of the rare cases where members of the Bakassi Boys have been arrested, state government officials have intervened to ensure that they were released within a short time and were not tried with any criminal offence."

Document(s): Open document

05.2002 - Source: Human Rights Watch

Function and powers of Anambra State Vigilante Services ("The Bakassi Boys: The Legitimization of Murder and Torture") [#6968],  [ID 14653]

"The government of Anambra has gone the furthest in terms of open support for the Bakassi Boys by introducing to the state assembly and ensuring the adoption of a law in August 2000 which officially established them as the Anambra State Vigilante Services. The law outlines the functions and powers of the vigilante group as follows, effectively making them a fully-fledged law enforcement agency:23
The vigilante group shall augment the maintenance of security in their various community and shall in
particular render all lawful help and assistance to the police in-
a) the prevention and detection of crimes;
b) making available relevant information on criminals;
c) taking measures to ensure that hoodlums do not operate in their communities;
d) preserving law and order;
e) protecting lives and properties.
The group shall have the power to-
a) arrest any person who commits a crime before them;
b) patrol the streets or villages at any time of the day and especially at nights;
c) maintain security barricades at nights in appropriate places;
d) question and hand over to the Police any person of questionable character or of suspicious movement;
and
e) enter and search any compound into which a questionable person runs while being pursued.
The law also establishes the Vigilante Services Co-ordinating Committee which is to oversee their activities. It states that the committee operates from the office of the governor, that the governor appoints four of its seven members, and that the chairman of the committee will be the adviser on security matters.24 It specifies that part of the vigilantes’ funding will come from subventions from the state government, and that “the purpose of the fund shall be for the purchase of security gadgets including vehicles, torch lights, whistles, matchets, guns and bullets;
provided that appropriate licences are obtained for such guns.”25"

Document(s): Open document

10.04.2002 - Source: Amnesty International

Bakassi Boys commit summary executions, torture and mutilation ("Nigeria: Amnesty International witnesses attempted summary execution by Anambra Government Security Force") [#6480],  [ID 14654]

"An Amnesty International delegation just returned from Nigeria described today how they witnessed members of the Anambra State Vigilante Service (AVS), commonly known as "Bakassi Boys", trying to set alight a man inside the compound of the Government House of Anambra State, south-eastern Nigeria, some 100 metres away from the State Governor's own office.
[…]
"AVS members were pouring petrol over the man's body with the clear intention of setting him on fire. When they realised that there were strangers watching the scene, they bundled their victim into a van, loaded the vehicle with machetes and guns, and drove away," delegates added. Amnesty International has been unable to discover the name of the victim or his eventual fate.

"This episode is illustrative of the exceptionally serious abuses, committed by the Anambra State Vigilante Service, there are reports of over 1000 summary executions being committed by AVS in Anambra State in the past two years, and several dozens have been reported tortured or "disappeared". Similar violations are carried out by armed groups -- many of them having formal or informal links with state government authorities -- throughout Nigeria," Amnesty International said.

The organization is deeply concerned that the alternative armed security forces established in several states of Nigeria appear to fall outside the law and that they engage in widespread abuses of human rights with impunity. In the run-up to presidential elections in 2003, there is a clear risk that these groups will become politically manipulated. Amnesty International fears that they may be used to commit human rights abuses in order to intimidate political opponents, social leaders or voters."

Document(s): Open document

04.03.2002 - Source: US Department of State

Bakassi Boys operate with support of Anambra state government ("Annual report 2001") [#5760],  [ID 14655]

"In Anambra State, the state government supported and paid the vigilante group known as the Bakassi Boys. Like most vigilante groups, the Bakassi Boys killed suspected criminals rather than turn them over to police; however, in some cases, the Bakassi Boys chose to mutilate alleged criminals, such as cutting off their hands or arms, rather than killing them outright. They also were accused of harassing and threatening political opponents of the state government. On May 29, the Bakassi Boys tortured and killed between 25 and 36 suspected criminals in Onitsha. They reportedly stabbed them with machetes and knives as bystanders cheered; the victims' bodies then were set on fire. In July members of the Bakassi Boys hacked to death four suspected armed robbers in Imo State."

Document(s): Open document

16.01.2002 - Source: Human Rights Watch

Bakassi Boys burned and mutilated their victims and systematically tortured detainees in their custody with impunity ("World report 2002") [#5281],  [ID 14656]

"The Bakassi Boys in the south-east and the O'odua People's Congress (OPC) in the south-west were responsible for scores of deaths of alleged armed robbers. When apprehending suspected criminals, they often killed them on the spot. The Bakassi Boys also burned and mutilated their victims and systematically tortured detainees in their custody with impunity and, in some cases, on the effective authority of the state governor. In several southeastern states, the Bakassi Boys were used to target suspected political opponents and critics, as well as to settle scores and intervene in private disputes."

Document(s): Open document

01.12.2001 - Source: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung

Article on rise of vigilante group called 'Bakassi-Boys' (formation as a reaction on corrupt police and judiciary as well as criminal gangs terrorising the trading town Aba; public executions and inhuman punishment for alleged criminals carried out by both, police and militias) ("Die Bakassi-Boys in Nigeria. Vom Aufstieg der Milizen und dem Niedergang des Staates") [#7525],  [ID 22188]

Document(s): Open document