06.03.2007 - Source: US Department of State

Interfaith Marriages ("Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2006") [ID 19239]

"The law limits inheritance, alimony payments, and property ownership of persons from interfaith marriages and prohibits the use of churches to celebrate marriage ceremonies in which one party is a non-Christian. Clergymen who contravene its provisions could face up to 10 years' imprisonment. However, the act does not bar interfaith marriages in other places of worship."

Document(s): Open document

11.09.2006 - Source: BBC News

Roman Catholic schools in the Northern part of the country remained shut; Hindu activists accuse one school of trying to convert students to Christianity ("Row over Lucknow Catholic schools") [ID 17702]

Document(s): Open document

05.09.2006 - Source: BBC News

Rajasthan state: No charges against hardline Hindu leader Praveen Togadia who was arrested in April 2003 accused of inciting religious hatred against Muslims; human rights and Muslim groups protest ("No charges against Hindu leader") [ID 17462]

Document(s): Open document

07.08.2006 - Source: Christian Solidarity Worldwide

Chhattisgarh State and Madhya Pradesh State have enhanced the anti-conversion legislation; the new legislation stipulates that potential religious converts must seek permission before converting ("Second State government in India enhances anti-conversion laws") [ID 17468]

Document(s): Open document

26.07.2006 - Source: Christian Solidarity Worldwide

Government strengthened anti-conversion legislation to force potential religious converts to give one month's notice before conversion; otherwise they will face fines and imprisonment ("Anti-conversion legislation enhanced in Indian state as new report condemns abuses of the laws") [ID 17463]

Document(s): Open document

04.05.2006 - Source: Human Rights Watch

End Communal Violence in Gujarat, Kashmir ("End Communal Violence in Gujarat, Kashmir") [ID 15657]

Document(s): Dokument

28.03.2006 - Source: UK Home Office

Report on general, political and human rights situation (Sikhs, Christians, Muslims and Hindus; land disputes, members of Akali Dal, domestic violence, prison conditions) ("Operation Guidance Note: India") [#48239],  [ID 6382]

"[...]
3.8 Christians, Muslims and Hindus

3.8.1 Claimants fear persecution from non-state agents as a consequence of their Christian, Muslim or Hindu religious faith.
3.8.2 Treatment-General. According to the 2001 Government census, Christians constitute 2.3% of the population of India and Muslims 13.4% (of which just over 90% are Sunni and the remainder Shi'a). Hindus, the major religion in India, constitute 80.5% of the population.41 Muslims and Christians are therefore respectively the first and second largest minority religious groups in India.
3.8.3 The law provides for secular government and the protection of religious freedom. However, during 2005, whilst the central Government generally respected these provisions in practice; it sometimes did not act effectively to counter societal attacks against religious minorities and attempts by state and local governments to limit religious freedom. This failure resulted in part from the legal constraints inherent in the country's federal structure and in part from shortcomings in the law enforcement and justice systems. Ineffective investigation and prosecution of attacks on religious minorities in 2005 were seen by some extremists as a signal that such violence may be committed with impunity.
3.8.4 It has been reported that the status of religious freedom improved during 2004 and 2005, however, tensions between Muslims and Hindus, and between Hindus and Christians, continued during these years. Attacks on religious minorities decreased overall, but occurred in several states, which brought into question the Government’s ability to prevent sectarian and religious violence or prosecute those responsible for it. On the positive side, no new anti-conversion laws were enacted during 2004 or 2005 and the anti-conversion law in Tamil Nadu was repealed. Hindutya, the politicised inculcation of Hindu religious and cultural norms to the exclusion of others remained a subject of national debate and influenced some governmental policies.[...]

3.8.19 Conclusion. The Indian constitution guarantees the rights of religious minorities and there are avenues open for individuals to seek protection from the authorities where they experience ill-treatment. Furthermore, there exists the option for those who encounter such difficulties to relocate internally. Therefore, it is unlikely that claimants in this category would qualify for asylum or Humanitarian Protection and such claims are likely to be clearly unfounded. An exception to this may be high-profile religious leaders in very specific and individual circumstances for whom there may not be a sufficiency of protection as detailed above, however, such cases are likely to be extremely rare. Such cases may result in a grant of asylum or Humanitarian Protection but if refused are unlikely to be clearly unfounded.[...]"

Document(s): Open document

24.02.2006 - Source: Reporters Sans Frontières

Magazine editor Alok Tomar arrested for publishing one of the controversial cartoons depicting the Prophet Muhammad ("Indian magazine editor arrested for publishing one of the cartoons") [#45010],  [ID 6383]

Document(s): Open document

08.11.2005 - Source: US Department of State

International Religious Freedom Report 2005 ("International Religious Freedom Report 2005") [#38873],  [ID 6384]

Document(s): Open document

18.10.2005 - Source: BBC News

Uttar Pradesh: 8 people killed and 36 injured after clashes broke out between Hindus and Muslims following dispute during Hindu festival in Mau; local legislator and some other local leaders affiliated to Bharatiya Janata Party were accused of inciting religious clashes ("Criminal cases in religious riot") [#37864],  [ID 6385]

Document(s): Open document

08.2005 - Source: Freedom House

Religious freedom ("Freedom in the World 2005") [#41316],  [ID 6386]

"[...]The right to practice one's religion freely is generally respected, but violence against religious minorities remains a problem and prosecution of those involved in such attacks continues to be inadequate. Attacks on Christian targets, including the murder and rape of clergy and the destruction of property, dramatically increased after the BJP came to power in 1998, mainly in the predominantly tribal regions of Orissa, Gujarat, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh. Members of the sangh parivar, a group of Hindu nationalist organizations including the BJP, and some local media outlets promote anti-minority propaganda. Legislation on the books in several states, including Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat, criminalizes conversions that take place as a result of "force" or "allurement." These laws have been opposed by human rights activists and religious groups, who argue that the vague provisions of these statutes could be misused. [...]"

Document(s): Open document

21.03.2005 - Source: BBC News

US reaffirmed its decision to refuse the controversial Indian politician, Narendra Modi, permission to enter the country on the grounds that he allegedly violated religious freedom ("US stands by India visa decision") [#30444],  [ID 6387]

Document(s): Open document

15.03.2005 - Source: UN Human Rights Council (formerly UN Commission on Human Rights)

Report of the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief ("Report of Asma Jahangir, Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief - Summary of cases transmitted to Governments and replies received (E/CN.4/2005/61/Add.1)") [#30271],  [ID 6388]

Document(s): Open document

23.02.2005 - Source: BBC News

Rajasthan: The state government is introducing a law to ban religious conversion following tensions between Hindus and a Christian mission holding its annual convention in Kota ("State to bar religious conversion") [#29186],  [ID 6389]

Document(s): Open document

10.2004 - Source: UK Home Office

Freedom of religion ("Country Report - October 2004") [#28325],  [ID 6391]

"[...]
6.30 The USIRF 2003 states,
“According to the latest government estimates, Hindus constitute 82 percent of the population, Muslims 12 percent, Christians 2.3 percent, Sikhs 2.0 percent, and others, including Buddhists, Jains, Parsis (Zoroastrians), Jews, and Baha'is, less than 2 percent. Hinduism has a large number of branches, including the Sanatan and Arya Samaj groups. Slightly more than 90 percent of Muslims are Sunni; the rest are Shi'a. Buddhists include followers of the Mahayana and Hinayana schools, and there are both Catholic and Protestant Christians. Tribal groups (members of indigenous groups historically outside the caste system), which in government statistics generally are included among Hindus, often practice traditional indigenous religions. Hindus and Muslims are spread throughout the country, although large Muslim populations are found in the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala, and Muslims are a majority in Jammu and Kashmir. Christian concentrations are found in the northeastern states, as well as in the southern states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Goa. Three small northeastern states have large Christian majorities--Nagaland, Mizoram, and Meghalaya. Sikhs are a majority in the state of Punjab”. [2b]( p1-2)

6.31 In the USIRF 2003, the U.S. State Department concluded that despite the incidents of violence and discrimination during the period covered by the report, relations between various religious groups are generally amicable among the substantial majority of citizens. “There are efforts at ecumenical understanding that bring religious leaders together to defuse religious tensions.” [2b](p14) The US State Department Report 2003 (USSD) noted that, “…The Indian Government found that 80% of attacks on minorities were motivated by local incidents, economic arguments, or intra-denominational feuds”. [2c](p20) However, in their Human Development Report, 2004, the United Nations Development Programme noted that, when reviewing levels of communal violence in India over the past 50 years, the period 1990 – 2002 accounts for over 36% of all recorded violence. [71] (p.74) The report further notes that, regarding religious difference, “Recent communal violence raises serious concerns for the prospect for social harmony and threatens to undermine the country’s earlier achievements”. [71] (p.48) In May 2004, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom published a report that found that, “In India, the government’s response to violence against religious minorities in Gujarat and elsewhere continues to be inadequate. In addition, several government leaders have publicly allied themselves with extremist Hindu organizations that have been implicated in that violence. In 2003, the Commission again recommended that India be designated a “country of particular concern,” or CPC. To date [United States] State Department has not named India a CPC”. [72] (p.1)

6.32 The Government has taken steps to promote interfaith understanding. The National Integration Council is a non-statutory body with an objective of maintaining social tranquillity and communal harmony. According to the USIRF 2003,”The National Commission for Minorities and the NHRC have appointed members and are tasked respectively with protecting the rights of minorities and protecting human rights. These governmental bodies investigate allegations of discrimination and bias, and can make recommendations to the relevant local or central Government authorities. These recommendations are generally followed, although they do not have the force of law.” [2b](p2)

6.33 As stated in the USIRF 2003, “The legal system accommodates minority religions’ personal status laws; there are different personal status laws for different religious communities. Religion-specific laws pertain in matters of marriage, divorce, adoption, and inheritance.” [2b](p2)
[...]
6.36 According to the USIRF 2003, in March the Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act was passed. “The act requires those involved with a conversion to seek the permission, both before and after the conversion ceremony, of the district collector, who is the sole arbiter of the validity of each conversion. This act also requires the police to investigate cases of forced or induced religious conversions. As with the Tamil Nadu anticonversion law, punishments are greater for women, scheduled castes, and “tribals.”[2b](p5) A BBC news report dated 26 March 2003 reported that politicians in India’s western state of Gujarat approved the controversial bill ostensibly designed to stop forced religious conversions. Many opponents fear it could be used to target Christian and Muslim minority communities. The Freedom of Religion bill has been modelled on similar legislation introduced in the state of Tamil Nadu and already on the statute books in the states of Madhya Pradesha and Orissa. The text of the proposed bill is not yet widely available but there are indications that it may be more stringent than existing legislation in other states. Penalties for people convicted of carrying out conversions using allurement or force include up to three years in prison and a fine of 50,000 rupees. Under the terms of the bill, a conversion must be assessed by officials and prior permission given by the District Magistrate to be lawful. Conversions, which are found to be genuine and voluntary, but where prior permission was not secured from the District Magistrate could also be punished with up to one year in prison and a fine of 1,000 rupees. [32bk]

6.37 Freedom House - Centre for Religious Freedom (in Hinduism and Terror, published 1 June 2004), noted that, Hindus, particularly lower cast groups such as Dalits (untouchables), who convert to another religion are likely to face, in practice, legal discrimination. [43b] (p.3) According to Human Rights Watch (in Context of Anti-Christian Violence, published in 1999) it noted that, “Upon converting to Christianity, Dalits lose all privileges previously assigned to them under their scheduled caste system.” [26d] (p.1) Scheduled caste status is a system of ‘positive discrimination’ that sets aside a minimum number of government (both central, provincial and local) jobs for lower caste groups. [71] (p.70-71)

6.38As stated in the USIRF 2003,”There were no reports of religious prisoners or detainees.” [2b](p9) The report also stated that,
“Despite the incidents of violence and discrimination during the period covered by the report [2003], relations between various religious groups generally are amicable among the substantial majority of citizens. There are efforts at ecumenical understanding that bring religious leaders together to defuse religious tensions. The annual Sarva Dharma Sammelan (All Religious Convention) and the frequently held Mushairas (Hindu-Urdu poetry sessions) are some events that help improve inter community relations. Prominent secularists of all religions make public efforts to show respect for other religions by celebrating their holidays and attending social events such as weddings. Institutions such as the army consciously forge loyalties that transcend religion.” [2b](p14) [...]"

Document(s): Open document

01.07.2004 - Source: BBC News

Kashmir: police have stopped more than 100 Hindu pilgrims from trekking to the Hindu cave shrine of Amarnath ("Police stop Hindu pilgrim march") [#23733],  [ID 6390]

Document(s): Open document

04.2004 - Source: UK Home Office

Freedom of Religion ("Country Report - April 2004") [#22427],  [ID 6392]

"6.27 As cited in the 1997 report of the Special Rapporteur on religious intolerance, the preamble to the Indian Constitution proclaims India's commitment to democracy and secularism and guarantees all citizens freedom of religion and belief as well as the right to practise religion freely. [6b](p3) According to the US Department of State International Religious freedom report 2003, “There are many religions and a large variety of denominations, groups, and subgroups in the country, but Hinduism is the dominant religion.” [2b](p2)
6.28 The Special Rapporteur’s 1997 report notes, the Penal Code prohibits and punishes any violation of tolerance and non-discrimination based on religion or belief: promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion (Section 135A); injuring or defiling a place of worship with intent to insult the religion of any class (Section 295); deliberate and malicious acts intended to outrage the religious feeling of any class by insulting its religion (Section 295A); disturbing religious assembly (Section 296); and uttering words with deliberate intent to wound religious feelings (Section 298) [6b](p4)
6.29 The Special Rapporteur’s 1997 report states, under the Representation of the People Act 1951, it is an offence for a candidate to call upon someone to vote or to abstain from voting by playing on his religion, or using religious symbols as a means of promoting that candidate's election prospects. [6b](p5) [...]
6.31 The United Nations Special Rapporteur on Religious Intolerance 1997 concluded that the situation in India relating to tolerance and non-discrimination based on religion is generally satisfactory. The country's commitment to democracy, sound democratic institutions, legislative and Government measures, and the secular nature of the State all contributed to religious tolerance in India. [6b](p14) [...]
6.36 [...] A BBC news report dated 26 March 2003 reported that politicians in India’s western state of Gujarat approved the controversial bill ostensibly designed to stop forced religious conversions. Many opponents fear it could be used to target Christian and Muslim minority communities. The Freedom of Religion bill has been modelled on similar legislation introduced in the state of Tamil Nadu and already on the statute books in the states of Madhya Pradesha and Orissa. The text of the proposed bill is not yet widely available but there are indications that it may be more stringent than existing legislation in other states. Penalties for people convicted of carrying out conversions using allurement or force include up to three years in prison and a fine of 50,000 rupees. Under the terms of the bill, a conversion must be assessed by officials and prior permission given by the District Magistrate to be lawful. Conversions which are found to be genuine and voluntary but where prior permission was not secured from the District Magistrate could also be punished with up to one year in prison and a fine of 1,000 rupees.[32bk]"

Document(s): Open document

25.02.2004 - Source: US Department of State

USDOS: Religious Freedom ("Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2003") [#19765],  [ID 6393]

"The Constitution provides for secular government and the protection of religious freedom, and the central Government generally respected these provisions in practice; however, it sometimes did not act effectively to counter societal attacks against religious minorities and attempts by state and local governments to limit religious freedom. This failure resulted, among other reasons, from the legal constraints inherent in the country's federal structure and from the inadequacies in law enforcement and justice systems. The ineffective investigation and prosecution of attacks on religious minorities was interpreted by some extremist elements as a signal that such violence likely would go unpunished. Tension between Muslims and Hindus, and between Hindus and Christians, continued to pose a challenge to the secular foundation of the State.
Although the law provides for religious freedom, enforcement of the law was poor, particularly at the state and local levels, where the failure to deal adequately with intragroup and intergroup conflict abridged constitutional protections.
[...]
There were reports that members of the BJP, the RSS, and other affiliated organizations harassed and at times threatened the use of violence against Christians and Muslims. The BJP and RSS officially expressed respect and tolerance for other religions; however, the RSS in particular opposes conversions from Hinduism and believes that all citizens should adhere to Hindu cultural values. The BJP officially agrees that the caste system should be eliminated, but many of its members are ambivalent about this.
[...]
No registration is required for religions. Legally mandated benefits are assigned to certain groups, including some defined by their religion. For example, some states reserve jobs and educational enrollment slots for Muslims, who do not benefit from reservations designed to help lower-caste Hindus.
[...]
The Religious Institutions (Prevention of Misuse) Act makes it a criminal offense to use any religious site for political purposes or to use temples for harboring persons accused or convicted of crimes. While specifically designed to deal with Sikh places of worship in Punjab, the law applies to all religious sites. The Religious Buildings and Places Act requires a state government-endorsed permit before construction of any religious building may commence.
[...]
On January 10, the controversial Prohibition of Forcible Conversion of Religion Act that bans "forced" religious conversions was passed in the state of Tamil Nadu. In February, the "Freedom of Religion" Bill that provides penalties for conversion using allurement or force, including up to 3 years in prison and a fine of $1,000 (50,000 Rs), was passed in Gujarat. Conversions in Gujarat must be assessed by officials, and prior permission given by the District Magistrate. Human rights advocates believed that both laws make it more difficult for poor persons, mistreated minorities, and others ostracized under the caste system, to convert from Hinduism to another religion. Further, the Tamil Nadu law requires that persons involved in a conversion report it to the local magistrate within 10 days. Authorities in Tamil Nadu announced their intention to enforce the law as a deterrent to large-scale conversions. The Gujarat bill requires persons converting to have prior permission from the district authorities before conversion.
[...]
The legal system accommodated minority religions' personal status laws; there were different personal laws for different religious communities. Religion-specific laws pertain in matters of marriage, divorce, adoption, and inheritance. For example, Muslim personal status law governed many non-criminal matters involving Muslims, including family law, inheritance, and divorce. The personal status laws of the religious communities sometimes discriminated against women (see Section 5).
Tensions between Muslims and Hindus, and between Hindus and Christians, continued during the year. Attacks on religious minorities decreased overall but occurred in several states, which brought into question the Government's ability to prevent sectarian and religious violence or prosecute those responsible for it.
[...]
Some Christian groups also claimed that BJP officials at state and local levels became increasingly uncooperative. The Government also has been criticized for not attempting to restrain the country's radical Hindu groups.
[...]
In Christian majority areas, Christians sometimes were the oppressors. In Tripura, there were several cases of harassment of non-Christians by Christian members of the National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT), a militant tribal group with an evangelical bent. For example, NLFT tribal insurgents have prohibited Hindu and Muslim festivals in areas that they control, cautioned women not to wear traditional Hindu tribal attire, and prohibited indigenous forms of worship.
[...]
Hindus have also been victims of violence.
[...]
The degree to which the BJP's nationalist Hindu agenda impacted religious minorities varied depending on the region. In some states, governments made efforts to reaffirm their commitment to secularism. In others, mainly in the south, religious groups alleged that since the BJP's rise to power in the national Government, some government bureaucrats began to enforce laws selectively to the detriment of religious minorities. For example, this revivalist campaign included the "Hinduization" of education, including the revision of history books to include hate propaganda against Islamic and Christian communities. The situation in the east varied. For example, the Orissa Freedom of Religion Act contains a provision requiring a monthly government report on the number of conversions and requiring a police inquiry into conversions, but this provision was not enforced.


For a more detailed discussion see the 2003 International Religious Freedom Report."

Document(s): Open document

25.02.2004 - Source: US Department of State

USDOS: Permit needed before construction of any religous building ("Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2003") [#19765],  [ID 6394]

"[...]The Religious Institutions (Prevention of Misuse) Act makes it a criminal offense to use any religious site for political purposes or to use temples for harboring persons accused or convicted of crimes. While specifically designed to deal with Sikh places of worship in Punjab, the law applies to all religious sites. The Religious Buildings and Places Act requires a state government-endorsed permit before construction of any religious building may commence. [...]"

Document(s): Open document

18.12.2003 - Source: US Department of State

International Religious Freedom Report 2003 ("International Religious Freedom Report 2003") [#18522],  [ID 6395]

"The Constitution provides for secular government and the protection of religious freedom, and the central Government generally respected these provisions in practice; however, it sometimes did not act effectively to counter societal attacks against religious minorities and attempts by state and local governments to limit religious freedom. This failure resulted in part from the legal constraints inherent in the country's federal structure, and in part from the law enforcement and justice systems, which at times were not effective. The ineffective investigation and prosecution of attacks on religious minorities could be seen by some extremists as a signal that such violence may be committed with impunity.

The status of religious freedom improved in some ways and worsened in others during the period covered by this report. Although there was a decrease in the number of incidents of Hindu-Muslim and Hindu-Christian violence during the period covered by this report, two more state-level anticonversion laws were passed, and there was a gradual but continual institutionalization of "Hindutva," the politicized inculcation of Hindu religious and cultural norms to the exclusion of other religious norms. Hindutva, often synonymous with "cultural nationalism," excludes other religious beliefs and fosters religious intolerance. This institutionalization manifested itself through the spread of anticonversion laws in some states, the rewriting of textbooks to favor Hindu extremist interpretations of history, and illegal surveys of Christians by police in some areas of Gujarat to collect statistical information not sought from other religious groups. In addition, Hindus distributed tridents or "trishuls" (a small sharp object which can cause bodily injury) in Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.

The central Government is led by a coalition called the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), which has pledged to respect the country's traditions of secular government and religious tolerance. However, the leading party in the coalition is the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a Hindu nationalist party with links to Hindu extremist groups that have been implicated in violent acts against Christians and Muslims. The BJP also leads state governments in Goa and Gujarat; in Uttar Pradesh, the BJP rules in coalition with the Bahujan Samaj Party. Human rights groups and others have suggested that the authorities in Gujarat have not responded adequately to acts of violence against religious minorities by Hindu extremist groups, due at least in part to the links between these groups and the BJP. These groups have noted that the ineffective investigation and prosecution of such incidents may encourage violent actions by extremist groups."

Document(s): Open document

06.2003 - Source: International Christian Concern

Country Profile - Christian Persecution in India ("Country Profile - Christian Persecution in India") [#17142],  [ID 6396]

Document(s): Open document

08.2002 - Source: European Reintegration Networking

Background information on India (including procedures for entrance, supply and care, health, education, work opportunies,...) ("Background information on India (including procedures for entrance, supply and care, health, education, work opportunies,...)") [#28646],  [ID 6397]

"[...]Religiöse Spannungen
Spannung zwischen Hindus und Moslems treten in Indien immer wieder auf und führten immer wieder zu gewaltsamen Unruhen, wie zuletzt im Februar 2002 im Staat Gujarat. Die Welle der Gewalt brach aus, nachdem eine fanatisierte Gruppe von Moslems einen Zug, in dem sich Hindu-Aktivisten befanden, attackierte und in Brand setzte. Es starben 58 Menschen, darunter viele Frauen und Kinder. In einer Welle der Gegengewalt starben mehrere Hundert Menschen und Tausende, mehrheitlich Moslems, wurden aus ihren Häusern vertrieben oder flohen aus Angst vor weiteren Repressalien. Die Polizei wird dabei beschuldigt, die Angreifer gewährt haben zu lassen und der Chief Minister von Gujarat soll zu wenig unternommen haben, die Unruhen zu beenden.

Hintergrund für die derzeitigen Spannungen ist unter anderem der Anspruch beider Religionen auf den Ort in Ayodhya, an dem im 16. Jahrhundert eine Moschee gebaut wurde. Der Ort wird von Hindus als Geburtsort des Gottes Ram als heilig angesehen und sie wollen den Tempel, der dort bereits vor der Errichtung der Moschee gestanden haben soll, wieder aufbauen. Diesem Ziel hat sich vor allem die Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) verschrieben, einer hindu-nationalistischen Organisation, die an der Erstürmung und Zerstörung der Babri-Moschee im Jahre 1992 maßgeblich beteiligt war. In den darauffolgenden landesweiten Unruhen starben um die 2.000 Menschen.

Quellen:
Informationen zur politischen Bildung (Heft 257), Indien
Indien Newsletter: http://www.indien-newsletter.de,
BBC-News: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/default.stm
[...]"

Document(s): Open document

01.03.2002 - Source: Amnesty International

Gujarat: Reports of widespread communal riots in which nearly 250 people, a large number of whom appear to be unarmed civilians, were reportedly killed ("India: Equal protection to all citizens must be ensured in Gujarat") [#5722],  [ID 6398]

Document(s): Open document

02.2001 - Source: Forum 18

Freedom of religion: report on general legal framework, registration requirements, civil and penal restrictions and religious freedom in practice ("Freedom of religion: A report with special emphasis on the right to choose religion and registration systems") [#8587],  [ID 6399]

Document(s): Open document